fun/src/parser.c

/**
 * This file is part of the Fun programming language.
 * https://fun-lang.xyz/
 *
 * Copyright 2025 Johannes Findeisen <you@hanez.org>
 * Licensed under the terms of the Apache-2.0 license.
 * https://opensource.org/license/apache-2-0
 */

/**
 * @file parser.c
 * @brief Implements the Fun language parser that converts source code to bytecode.
 *
 * This file contains the main parsing logic for the Fun programming language.
 * It handles converting .fun source files into executable bytecode for the VM.
 *
 * Key Features:
 * - Handles shebang lines
 * - Skips whitespace and comments
 * - Parses string literals with both single and double quotes
 * - Supports basic function definitions
 * - Compiles print statements
 * - Generates bytecode with proper constants and instructions
 *
 * Functions:
 * - parse_file_to_bytecode(): Main entry point for file parsing
 * - parse_string_to_bytecode(): Parses code from string buffers
 * - parser_last_error(): Retrieves parsing errors
 *
 * Error Handling:
 * - Returns NULL on parse errors
 * - Tracks error messages and positions
 * - Validates syntax before bytecode generation
 *
 * Example:
 * Bytecode *bc = parse_file_to_bytecode("example.fun");
 * if (bc) {
 *     vm_run(&vm, bc);
 *     bytecode_free(bc);
 * }
 *
 * @author Johannes Findeisen
 * @date 2025-09-16
 */

#include "parser.h"
#include "value.h"
#include "vm.h"
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

/* ---- parser error state ---- */
static const char *g_current_source_path = NULL; /* for propagating filename into nested bytecodes */
static int g_has_error = 0;
static size_t g_err_pos = 0;
static char g_err_msg[256];
static int g_err_line = 0;
static int g_err_col = 0;

/* ---- compiler-generated temporary counter ---- */
static int g_temp_counter = 0;

/* ---- runtime debug control (for suppressing noisy stdout in production/CGI) ---- */
static int env_truthy(const char *name) {
  const char *v = getenv(name);
  if (!v) return 0;
  if (strcmp(v, "1") == 0) return 1;
  if (strcmp(v, "true") == 0) return 1;
  if (strcmp(v, "TRUE") == 0) return 1;
  if (strcmp(v, "yes") == 0) return 1;
  if (strcmp(v, "YES") == 0) return 1;
  if (strcmp(v, "on") == 0) return 1;
  if (strcmp(v, "ON") == 0) return 1;
  return 0;
}

static int fun_debug_enabled(void) {
  /* Allow enabling debug dumps at runtime via environment.
   * Default is OFF to avoid contaminating stdout (e.g., CGI responses).
   */
  if (env_truthy("FUN_TRACE")) return 1;
  if (env_truthy("FUN_DEBUG")) return 1;
  return 0;
}

/* Declared type metadata encoding in types[]:
   0 = dynamic/untyped;
   positive/negative 8/16/32/64 = integers (negative means signed);
   TYPE_META_STRING/BOOLEAN/NIL mark non-integer enforced types;
   TYPE_META_CLASS marks class instances (Map with "__class"). */
#define TYPE_META_STRING 10001
#define TYPE_META_BOOLEAN 10002
#define TYPE_META_NIL 10003
#define TYPE_META_CLASS 10004
#define TYPE_META_FLOAT 10005
#define TYPE_META_ARRAY 10006

static void parser_fail(size_t pos, const char *fmt, ...) {
  g_has_error = 1;
  g_err_pos = pos;
  va_list ap;
  va_start(ap, fmt);
  vsnprintf(g_err_msg, sizeof(g_err_msg), fmt, ap);
  va_end(ap);
}

static void calc_line_col(const char *src, size_t len, size_t pos, int *out_line, int *out_col) {
  int line = 1, col = 1;
  size_t limit = pos < len ? pos : len;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < limit; ++i) {
    if (src[i] == '\n') {
      line++;
      col = 1;
    } else {
      col++;
    }
  }
  if (out_line) *out_line = line;
  if (out_col) *out_col = col;
}

/* --------------------------- */

/* Namespace alias tracking (for include-as):
   We scan preprocessed source for lines starting with "// __ns_alias__: <name>"
   and treat dot-calls on those identifiers as plain function calls (no implicit 'this'). */
static char *g_ns_aliases[64];
static int g_ns_alias_count = 0;

static void ns_aliases_reset(void) {
  for (int i = 0; i < g_ns_alias_count; ++i) {
    free(g_ns_aliases[i]);
    g_ns_aliases[i] = NULL;
  }
  g_ns_alias_count = 0;
}

static void ns_aliases_scan(const char *src, size_t len) {
  const char *marker = "// __ns_alias__: ";
  size_t mlen = strlen(marker);
  size_t i = 0;
  while (i < len) {
    /* find start of line */
    size_t ls = i;
    /* move to end of line first */
    while (i < len && src[i] != '\n')
      i++;
    size_t le = i;
    /* include trailing '\n' in next iteration */
    if (i < len && src[i] == '\n') i++;

    if (le - ls >= mlen && strncmp(src + ls, marker, mlen) == 0) {
      size_t p = ls + mlen;
      /* read identifier */
      size_t start = p;
      while (p < le && (src[p] == ' ' || src[p] == '\t'))
        p++;
      if (p < le && (isalpha((unsigned char)src[p]) || src[p] == '_')) {
        size_t q = p + 1;
        while (q < le && (isalnum((unsigned char)src[q]) || src[q] == '_'))
          q++;
        size_t n = q - p;
        if (n > 0 && g_ns_alias_count < (int)(sizeof(g_ns_aliases) / sizeof(g_ns_aliases[0]))) {
          char *name = (char *)malloc(n + 1);
          if (name) {
            memcpy(name, src + p, n);
            name[n] = '\0';
            g_ns_aliases[g_ns_alias_count++] = name;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

static int is_ns_alias(const char *name) {
  if (!name) return 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < g_ns_alias_count; ++i) {
    if (strcmp(g_ns_aliases[i], name) == 0) return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

#include "parser_utils.c"

/* very small global symbol table for LOAD_GLOBAL/STORE_GLOBAL */
static struct {
  char *names[MAX_GLOBALS];
  int types[MAX_GLOBALS];    /* 0=untyped/number default; else bit width: 8/16/32/64; negative for signed */
  int is_class[MAX_GLOBALS]; /* 1 if this global name denotes a class factory */
  int count;
} G = {{0}, {0}, {0}, 0};

static int sym_index(const char *name) {
  for (int i = 0; i < G.count; ++i) {
    if (strcmp(G.names[i], name) == 0) return i;
  }
  if (G.count >= MAX_GLOBALS) {
    parser_fail(0, "Too many globals (max %d)", MAX_GLOBALS);
    return 0;
  }
  G.names[G.count] = strdup(name);
  G.types[G.count] = 0;    /* default: untyped */
  G.is_class[G.count] = 0; /* default: not a class */
  return G.count++;
}

/* ---- locals environment for functions ---- */
typedef struct {
  char *names[MAX_FRAME_LOCALS];
  int types[MAX_FRAME_LOCALS]; /* 0=untyped; else bit width: 8/16/32/64 */
  int count;
} LocalEnv;

static LocalEnv *g_locals = NULL;

/* loop context for break/continue patching */
typedef struct LoopCtx {
  int break_jumps[64];
  int break_count;
  int continue_jumps[64];
  int cont_count;
  struct LoopCtx *prev;
} LoopCtx;

static LoopCtx *g_loop_ctx = NULL;

static int local_find(const char *name) {
  if (!g_locals) return -1;
  for (int i = 0; i < g_locals->count; ++i) {
    if (strcmp(g_locals->names[i], name) == 0) return i;
  }
  return -1;
}

static int local_add(const char *name) {
  if (!g_locals) return -1;
  if (g_locals->count >= MAX_FRAME_LOCALS) {
    parser_fail(0, "Too many local variables/parameters (max %d)", MAX_FRAME_LOCALS);
    return -1;
  }
  int idx = g_locals->count++;
  g_locals->names[idx] = strdup(name);
  return idx;
}

/* forward declaration so helpers can recurse */
static int emit_expression(Bytecode *bc, const char *src, size_t len, size_t *pos);

/* primary: (expr) | string | number | true/false | identifier */
static int emit_primary(Bytecode *bc, const char *src, size_t len, size_t *pos) {
  skip_spaces(src, len, pos);

  /* parenthesized */
  if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == '(') {
    (*pos)++; /* '(' */
    if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
      parser_fail(*pos, "Expected expression after '('");
      return 0;
    }
    if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
      parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')'");
      return 0;
    }
    /* postfix indexing or slice */
    for (;;) {
      skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
      if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == '[') {
        (*pos)++;
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected start expression");
          return 0;
        }
        skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ':') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
          size_t savep4 = *pos;
          if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
            *pos = savep4;
            int ci4 = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(-1));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci4);
          }
          if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ']')) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ']' after slice");
            return 0;
          }
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SLICE, 0);
          continue;
        } else {
          if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ']')) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ']' after index");
            return 0;
          }
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0);
          continue;
        }
      }
      break;
    }
    return 1;
  }

  /* string */
  char *s = parse_string_literal_any_quote(src, len, pos);
  if (s) {
    int ci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string(s));
    free(s);
    bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci);
    /* postfix indexing or slice */
    for (;;) {
      skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
      if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == '[') {
        (*pos)++;
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected start expression");
          return 0;
        }
        skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ':') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
          /* end is optional; if missing, use -1 (till end) */
          int has_end = 0;
          size_t savep = *pos;
          if (emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
            has_end = 1;
          } else {
            *pos = savep;
            int ci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(-1));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci);
          }
          if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ']')) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ']' after slice");
            return 0;
          }
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SLICE, 0);
          continue;
        } else {
          if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ']')) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ']' after index");
            return 0;
          }
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0);
          continue;
        }
      }
      break;
    }
    return 1;
  }

  /* array literal: [expr, expr, ...] */
  skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
  if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == '[') {
    (*pos)++; /* '[' */
    int count = 0;
    skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
    if (*pos < len && src[*pos] != ']') {
      for (;;) {
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected expression in array literal");
          return 0;
        }
        count++;
        skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
          continue;
        }
        break;
      }
    }
    if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ']')) {
      parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ']' to close array literal");
      return 0;
    }
    bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_MAKE_ARRAY, count);
    /* postfix indexing or slice */
    for (;;) {
      skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
      if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == '[') {
        (*pos)++;
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected start expression");
          return 0;
        }
        skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ':') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
          size_t savep3 = *pos;
          if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
            *pos = savep3;
            int ci3 = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(-1));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci3);
          }
          if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ']')) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ']' after slice");
            return 0;
          }
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SLICE, 0);
          continue;
        } else {
          if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ']')) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ']' after index");
            return 0;
          }
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0);
          continue;
        }
      }
      break;
    }
    return 1;
  }

  /* map literal: { "key": expr, ... } */
  skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
  if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == '{') {
    (*pos)++; /* '{' */
    int pairs = 0;
    skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
    if (*pos < len && src[*pos] != '}') {
      for (;;) {
        /* key must be a string literal */
        char *k = parse_string_literal_any_quote(src, len, pos);
        if (!k) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected string key in map literal");
          return 0;
        }
        int kci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string(k));
        free(k);
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, kci);
        skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ':')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ':' after map key");
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected value expression in map literal");
          return 0;
        }
        pairs++;
        skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
          continue;
        }
        break;
      }
    }
    if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, '}')) {
      parser_fail(*pos, "Expected '}' to close map literal");
      return 0;
    }
    bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_MAKE_MAP, pairs);
    return 1;
  }

  /* number (prefer float first to consume cases like 1.23 or 1e2) */
  int ok = 0;
  size_t save = *pos;
  /* float literal */
  double fval = parse_float_literal_value(src, len, pos, &ok);
  if (ok) {
    int ci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_float(fval));
    bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci);
    /* postfix indexing or slice (not typical for floats but keep consistency) */
    for (;;) {
      skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
      if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == '[') {
        (*pos)++;
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected start expression");
          return 0;
        }
        skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ':') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
          size_t savep2 = *pos;
          if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
            *pos = savep2;
            int ci2 = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(-1));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci2);
          }
          if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ']')) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ']' after slice");
            return 0;
          }
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SLICE, 0);
          continue;
        } else {
          if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ']')) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ']' after index");
            return 0;
          }
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0);
          continue;
        }
      }
      break;
    }
    return 1;
  }
  *pos = save;
  /* integer literal */
  int64_t ival = parse_int_literal_value(src, len, pos, &ok);
  if (ok) {
    int ci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(ival));
    bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci);
    /* postfix indexing or slice */
    for (;;) {
      skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
      if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == '[') {
        (*pos)++;
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected start expression");
          return 0;
        }
        skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ':') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
          int has_end = 0;
          size_t savep2 = *pos;
          if (emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
            has_end = 1;
          } else {
            *pos = savep2;
            int ci2 = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(-1));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci2);
          }
          if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ']')) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ']' after slice");
            return 0;
          }
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SLICE, 0);
          continue;
        } else {
          if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ']')) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ']' after index");
            return 0;
          }
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0);
          continue;
        }
      }
      break;
    }
    return 1;
  }

  /* identifier or keyword */
  char *name = NULL;
  if (read_identifier_into(src, len, pos, &name)) {
    if (strcmp(name, "true") == 0 || strcmp(name, "false") == 0) {
      int ci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_bool(strcmp(name, "true") == 0 ? 1 : 0));
      free(name);
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci);
      return 1;
    }

    /* call or variable load (locals preferred) */
    skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
    int local_idx = local_find(name);
    int is_call = (*pos < len && src[*pos] == '(');

    if (is_call) {
      /* builtins */
      if (strcmp(name, "len") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "len expects 1 argument");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after len arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LEN, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "push") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "push expects array");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        } else {
          parser_fail(*pos, "push expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "push expects value");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after push args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PUSH, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "pop") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pop expects array");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after pop arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_APOP, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "set") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "set expects array");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        } else {
          parser_fail(*pos, "set expects 3 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "set expects index");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        } else {
          parser_fail(*pos, "set expects 3 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "set expects value");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after set args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SET, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "insert") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "insert expects array");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        } else {
          parser_fail(*pos, "insert expects 3 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "insert expects index");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        } else {
          parser_fail(*pos, "insert expects 3 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "insert expects value");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after insert args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INSERT, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "remove") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "remove expects array");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        } else {
          parser_fail(*pos, "remove expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "remove expects index");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after remove args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_REMOVE, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "to_number") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "to_number expects 1 argument");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after to_number arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TO_NUMBER, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "to_string") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "to_string expects 1 argument");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after to_string arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TO_STRING, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "cast") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        /* cast(value, typeName) */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "cast expects (value, typeName)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "cast expects (value, typeName)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_CAST, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "typeof") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        /* Special handling for typeof(<identifier>) to return declared subtype for integers */
        size_t peek = *pos;
        char *vname = NULL;
        int handled = 0;
        if (read_identifier_into(src, len, &peek, &vname)) {
          skip_spaces(src, len, &peek);
          if (peek < len && src[peek] == ')') {
            int meta = 0;
            int lidx = local_find(vname);
            if (lidx >= 0) {
              meta = g_locals->types[lidx];
            } else {
              int gi = sym_index(vname);
              if (gi >= 0) meta = G.types[gi];
            }

            if (meta != 0 && meta != TYPE_META_STRING && meta != TYPE_META_BOOLEAN && meta != TYPE_META_NIL && meta != TYPE_META_CLASS && meta != TYPE_META_FLOAT) {
              /* Integer subtype: ±bits */
              int abs_bits = meta < 0 ? -meta : meta;
              const char *tname = (meta < 0)
                                    ? (abs_bits == 64 ? "Sint64" : (abs_bits == 32 ? "Sint32" : (abs_bits == 16 ? "Sint16" : "Sint8")))
                                    : (abs_bits == 64 ? "Uint64" : (abs_bits == 32 ? "Uint32" : (abs_bits == 16 ? "Uint16" : "Uint8")));
              int ci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string(tname));
              bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci);
              *pos = peek + 1; /* consume name and ')' */
              handled = 1;
            }
            free(vname);
          } else {
            free(vname);
          }
        }

        if (!handled) {
          /* General case: typeof(expression)
             If the value is a Map with "__class" key, return that string; else return base typeof.
          */
          if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "typeof expects 1 argument");
            free(name);
            return 0;
          }
          if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after typeof arg");
            free(name);
            return 0;
          }

          /* [v] */
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_DUP, 0);    /* [v, v] */
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TYPEOF, 0); /* [v, tname] */
          {
            int ciMap = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("Map"));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciMap); /* [v, tname, "Map"] */
          }
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_EQ, 0); /* [v, isMap] */
          int j_if_not_map = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);

          /* Map branch: [v] */
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_DUP, 0); /* [v, v] */
          {
            int kci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("__class"));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, kci); /* [v, v, "__class"] */
          }
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_HAS_KEY, 0); /* [v, has] */
          int j_no_meta = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
          /* has __class: try toString() -> return its result */
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_DUP, 0); /* [v, v] */
          {
            int kcits = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("toString"));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, kcits); /* [v, v, "toString"] */
          }
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0); /* [v, func] */
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SWAP, 0);      /* [func, v] */
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_CALL, 1);      /* [string] */
          int j_end = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);

          /* no meta: drop v and return "Map" */
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_no_meta, bc->instr_count);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_POP, 0); /* [] */
          {
            int ciMap2 = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("Map"));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciMap2); /* ["Map"] */
          }
          int j_end2 = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);
          int after_map = bc->instr_count;

          /* not map: compute typeof(v) */
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_if_not_map, after_map);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TYPEOF, 0); /* [tname] */

          /* end */
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_end, bc->instr_count);
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_end2, bc->instr_count);
        }

        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "keys") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "keys expects 1 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_KEYS, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "values") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "values expects 1 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_VALUES, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "has") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "has expects (map, key)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "has expects (map, key)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_HAS_KEY, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "read_file") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "read_file expects 1 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_READ_FILE, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "write_file") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "write_file expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "write_file expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_WRITE_FILE, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "input") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        int hasPrompt = 0;
        skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] != ')') {
          if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "input expects 0 or 1 argument");
            free(name);
            return 0;
          }
          hasPrompt = 1;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after input arg(s)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INPUT_LINE, hasPrompt ? 1 : 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "input_hidden") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        int hasPrompt = 0;
        skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] != ')') {
          if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "input_hidden expects 0 or 1 argument");
            free(name);
            return 0;
          }
          hasPrompt = 1;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after input_hidden arg(s)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        /* operand bit0 = hasPrompt, bit1 = hidden */
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INPUT_LINE, (hasPrompt ? 1 : 0) | 2);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "proc_run") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "proc_run expects 1 argument (command string)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after proc_run arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PROC_RUN, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "system") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "system expects 1 argument (command string)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after system arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PROC_SYSTEM, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "time_now_ms") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "time_now_ms expects ()");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TIME_NOW_MS, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "clock_mono_ms") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "clock_mono_ms expects ()");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_CLOCK_MONO_MS, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "date_format") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "date_format expects (ms:int, fmt:string)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "date_format expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "date_format expects (ms:int, fmt:string)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after date_format args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_DATE_FORMAT, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "env") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "env expects 1 argument");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after env arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_ENV, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "env_all") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "env_all expects ()");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_ENV_ALL, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "fun_version") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "fun_version expects ()");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_FUN_VERSION, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "rust_hello") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "rust_hello expects ()");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_RUST_HELLO, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "rust_hello_args") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "rust_hello_args expects (message:string)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after rust_hello_args arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_RUST_HELLO_ARGS, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "rust_hello_args_return") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "rust_hello_args_return expects (message:string)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after rust_hello_args_return arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_RUST_HELLO_ARGS_RETURN, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "rust_get_sp") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "rust_get_sp expects ()");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_RUST_GET_SP, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "rust_set_exit") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "rust_set_exit expects (code:int)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after rust_set_exit arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_RUST_SET_EXIT, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "cpp_add") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "cpp_add expects (a:int, b:int)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "cpp_add expects two arguments");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "cpp_add expects (a:int, b:int)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after cpp_add args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_CPP_ADD, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "os_list_dir") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "os_list_dir expects (path)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after os_list_dir arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_OS_LIST_DIR, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      /* JSON builtins */
      if (strcmp(name, "json_parse") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "json_parse expects (text)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after json_parse arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JSON_PARSE, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      /* XML builtins (minimal) */
      if (strcmp(name, "xml_parse") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "xml_parse expects (text)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after xml_parse arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_XML_PARSE, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "xml_root") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "xml_root expects (doc_handle)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after xml_root arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_XML_ROOT, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "xml_name") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "xml_name expects (node_handle)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after xml_name arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_XML_NAME, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "xml_text") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "xml_text expects (node_handle)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after xml_text arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_XML_TEXT, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "json_stringify") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "json_stringify expects (value, pretty)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "json_stringify expects (value, pretty)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "json_stringify expects (value, pretty)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after json_stringify args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JSON_STRINGIFY, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      /* Tk (GUI) builtins (no raw Tcl exposed) */
      if (strcmp(name, "tk_loop") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "tk_loop expects ()");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TK_LOOP, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "tk_title") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "tk_title expects (title:string)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after tk_title arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TK_WM_TITLE, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "tk_label") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "tk_label expects (id:string, text:string)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "tk_label expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "tk_label expects (id:string, text:string)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after tk_label args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TK_LABEL, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "tk_button") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "tk_button expects (id:string, text:string)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "tk_button expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "tk_button expects (id:string, text:string)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after tk_button args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TK_BUTTON, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "tk_pack") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "tk_pack expects (id:string)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after tk_pack arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TK_PACK, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "tk_bind") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "tk_bind expects (id, event, cmd)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "tk_bind expects 3 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "tk_bind expects 3 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "tk_bind expects 3 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "tk_bind expects 3 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after tk_bind args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TK_BIND, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "tk_eval") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "tk_eval expects (script)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after tk_eval arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TK_EVAL, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "tk_result") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "tk_result expects ()");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TK_RESULT, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "json_from_file") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "json_from_file expects (path)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after json_from_file arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JSON_FROM_FILE, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "json_to_file") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "json_to_file expects (path, value, pretty)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "json_to_file expects (path, value, pretty)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "json_to_file expects (path, value, pretty)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "json_to_file expects (path, value, pretty)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "json_to_file expects (path, value, pretty)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after json_to_file args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JSON_TO_FILE, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      /* INI (iniparser 4.2.6) builtins */
      if (strcmp(name, "ini_load") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_load expects (path)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after ini_load arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INI_LOAD, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "ini_free") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_free expects (handle)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after ini_free arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INI_FREE, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "ini_get_string") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_string expects (handle, section, key, default)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_string expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_string expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_string expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_string expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_string expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_string expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after ini_get_string args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INI_GET_STRING, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "ini_get_int") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_int expects (handle, section, key, default)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_int expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_int expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_int expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_int expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_int expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_int expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after ini_get_int args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INI_GET_INT, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "ini_get_double") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_double expects (handle, section, key, default)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_double expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_double expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_double expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_double expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_double expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_double expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after ini_get_double args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INI_GET_DOUBLE, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "ini_get_bool") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_bool expects (handle, section, key, default)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_bool expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_bool expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_bool expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_bool expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_bool expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_get_bool expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after ini_get_bool args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INI_GET_BOOL, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "ini_set") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_set expects (handle, section, key, value)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_set expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_set expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_set expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_set expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_set expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_set expects 4 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after ini_set args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INI_SET, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "ini_unset") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_unset expects (handle, section, key)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_unset expects 3 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_unset expects 3 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_unset expects 3 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_unset expects 3 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after ini_unset args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INI_UNSET, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "ini_save") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_save expects (handle, path)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_save expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ini_save expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after ini_save args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INI_SAVE, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      /* CURL builtins (minimal interface like JSON) */
      if (strcmp(name, "curl_get") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "curl_get expects (url)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after curl_get arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_CURL_GET, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      /* SQLite builtins */
      if (strcmp(name, "sqlite_open") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "sqlite_open expects (path)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after sqlite_open arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SQLITE_OPEN, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "sqlite_close") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "sqlite_close expects (handle)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after sqlite_close arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SQLITE_CLOSE, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "sqlite_exec") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "sqlite_exec expects (handle, sql)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "sqlite_exec expects (handle, sql)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "sqlite_exec expects (handle, sql)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after sqlite_exec args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SQLITE_EXEC, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "sqlite_query") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "sqlite_query expects (handle, sql)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "sqlite_query expects (handle, sql)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "sqlite_query expects (handle, sql)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after sqlite_query args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SQLITE_QUERY, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      /* libsql builtins (independent extension) */
      if (strcmp(name, "libsql_open") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "libsql_open expects (url_or_path)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after libsql_open arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LIBSQL_OPEN, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "libsql_close") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "libsql_close expects (handle)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after libsql_close arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LIBSQL_CLOSE, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "libsql_exec") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "libsql_exec expects (handle, sql)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "libsql_exec expects (handle, sql)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "libsql_exec expects (handle, sql)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after libsql_exec args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LIBSQL_EXEC, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "libsql_query") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "libsql_query expects (handle, sql)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "libsql_query expects (handle, sql)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "libsql_query expects (handle, sql)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after libsql_query args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LIBSQL_QUERY, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "curl_post") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "curl_post expects (url, body)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "curl_post expects (url, body)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "curl_post expects (url, body)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after curl_post args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_CURL_POST, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "curl_download") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "curl_download expects (url, path)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "curl_download expects (url, path)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "curl_download expects (url, path)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after curl_download args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_CURL_DOWNLOAD, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      /* OpenSSL (md5/sha256/sha512) */
      if (strcmp(name, "openssl_md5") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "openssl_md5 expects (data)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after openssl_md5 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_OPENSSL_MD5, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "openssl_sha256") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "openssl_sha256 expects (data)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after openssl_sha256 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_OPENSSL_SHA256, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "openssl_sha512") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "openssl_sha512 expects (data)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after openssl_sha512 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_OPENSSL_SHA512, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "openssl_ripemd160") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "openssl_ripemd160 expects (data)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after openssl_ripemd160 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_OPENSSL_RIPEMD160, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      /* LibreSSL (md5/sha256/sha512/ripemd160) */
      if (strcmp(name, "libressl_md5") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "libressl_md5 expects (data)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after libressl_md5 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LIBRESSL_MD5, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "libressl_sha256") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "libressl_sha256 expects (data)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after libressl_sha256 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LIBRESSL_SHA256, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "libressl_sha512") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "libressl_sha512 expects (data)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after libressl_sha512 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LIBRESSL_SHA512, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "libressl_ripemd160") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "libressl_ripemd160 expects (data)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after libressl_ripemd160 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LIBRESSL_RIPEMD160, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      /* PCSC builtins */
      if (strcmp(name, "pcsc_establish") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        /* no args */
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcsc_establish expects ()");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PCSC_ESTABLISH, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      /* PCRE2 builtins */
      if (strcmp(name, "pcre2_test") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        /* (pattern, text, flags) */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcre2_test expects (pattern, text, flags)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcre2_test expects (pattern, text, flags)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcre2_test expects (pattern, text, flags)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcre2_test expects (pattern, text, flags)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcre2_test expects (pattern, text, flags)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after pcre2_test args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PCRE2_TEST, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "pcre2_match") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcre2_match expects (pattern, text, flags)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcre2_match expects (pattern, text, flags)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcre2_match expects (pattern, text, flags)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcre2_match expects (pattern, text, flags)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcre2_match expects (pattern, text, flags)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after pcre2_match args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PCRE2_MATCH, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "pcre2_findall") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcre2_findall expects (pattern, text, flags)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcre2_findall expects (pattern, text, flags)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcre2_findall expects (pattern, text, flags)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcre2_findall expects (pattern, text, flags)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcre2_findall expects (pattern, text, flags)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after pcre2_findall args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PCRE2_FINDALL, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      /* Notcurses builtins (optional) */
      if (strcmp(name, "nc_init") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "nc_init expects ()");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_NC_INIT, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "nc_shutdown") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "nc_shutdown expects ()");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_NC_SHUTDOWN, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "nc_clear") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "nc_clear expects ()");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_NC_CLEAR, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "nc_draw_text") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        /* (y, x, text) -> push y, x, text, then opcode will pop text,x,y */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "nc_draw_text expects (y, x, text)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "nc_draw_text expects (y, x, text)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "nc_draw_text expects (y, x, text)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "nc_draw_text expects (y, x, text)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "nc_draw_text expects (y, x, text)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after nc_draw_text args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_NC_DRAW_TEXT, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "nc_getch") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        /* (timeout_ms) */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "nc_getch expects (timeout_ms)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after nc_getch arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_NC_GETCH, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "nc_get_size") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "nc_get_size expects ()");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_NC_GET_SIZE, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "nc_set_style") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        /* (style, bg_rgb, fg_rgb) */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_set_style expects (style, bg_rgb, fg_rgb)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_set_style expects (style, bg_rgb, fg_rgb)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_set_style expects (style, bg_rgb, fg_rgb)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_set_style expects (style, bg_rgb, fg_rgb)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_set_style expects (style, bg_rgb, fg_rgb)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) { parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after nc_set_style args"); free(name); return 0; }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_NC_SET_STYLE, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "nc_draw_char") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        /* (y, x, ch) */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_draw_char expects (y, x, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_draw_char expects (y, x, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_draw_char expects (y, x, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_draw_char expects (y, x, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_draw_char expects (y, x, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) { parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after nc_draw_char args"); free(name); return 0; }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_NC_DRAW_CHAR, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "nc_draw_hline") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        /* (y, x, len, ch) */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_draw_hline expects (y, x, len, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_draw_hline expects (y, x, len, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_draw_hline expects (y, x, len, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_draw_hline expects (y, x, len, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_draw_hline expects (y, x, len, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_draw_hline expects (y, x, len, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_draw_hline expects (y, x, len, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) { parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after nc_draw_hline args"); free(name); return 0; }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_NC_DRAW_HLINE, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "nc_draw_vline") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        /* (y, x, len, ch) */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_draw_vline expects (y, x, len, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_draw_vline expects (y, x, len, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_draw_vline expects (y, x, len, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_draw_vline expects (y, x, len, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_draw_vline expects (y, x, len, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_draw_vline expects (y, x, len, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_draw_vline expects (y, x, len, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) { parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after nc_draw_vline args"); free(name); return 0; }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_NC_DRAW_VLINE, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "nc_box") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        /* (x, y, w, h, style) -- wrapper may reorder */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_box expects (x, y, w, h, style)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_box expects (x, y, w, h, style)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_box expects (x, y, w, h, style)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_box expects (x, y, w, h, style)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_box expects (x, y, w, h, style)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_box expects (x, y, w, h, style)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_box expects (x, y, w, h, style)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_box expects (x, y, w, h, style)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_box expects (x, y, w, h, style)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) { parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after nc_box args"); free(name); return 0; }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_NC_BOX, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "nc_fill") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        /* (x, y, w, h, ch) */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_fill expects (x, y, w, h, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_fill expects (x, y, w, h, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_fill expects (x, y, w, h, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_fill expects (x, y, w, h, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_fill expects (x, y, w, h, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_fill expects (x, y, w, h, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_fill expects (x, y, w, h, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_fill expects (x, y, w, h, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) { parser_fail(*pos, "nc_fill expects (x, y, w, h, ch)"); free(name); return 0; }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) { parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after nc_fill args"); free(name); return 0; }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_NC_FILL, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "nc_render") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "nc_render expects ()");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_NC_RENDER, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "pcsc_release") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcsc_release expects 1 argument (ctx)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after pcsc_release arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PCSC_RELEASE, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "pcsc_list_readers") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcsc_list_readers expects 1 argument (ctx)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after pcsc_list_readers arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PCSC_LIST_READERS, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "pcsc_connect") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        /* ctx, reader */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcsc_connect expects (ctx, reader)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcsc_connect expects (ctx, reader)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcsc_connect expects (ctx, reader)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after pcsc_connect args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PCSC_CONNECT, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "pcsc_disconnect") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcsc_disconnect expects 1 argument (handle)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after pcsc_disconnect arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PCSC_DISCONNECT, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "pcsc_transmit") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        /* handle, bytes */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcsc_transmit expects (handle, bytes)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcsc_transmit expects (handle, bytes)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pcsc_transmit expects (handle, bytes)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after pcsc_transmit args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PCSC_TRANSMIT, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      /* Socket builtins */
      if (strcmp(name, "tcp_listen") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "tcp_listen expects (port, backlog)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "tcp_listen expects (port, backlog)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "tcp_listen expects (port, backlog)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after tcp_listen args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SOCK_TCP_LISTEN, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "tcp_accept") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "tcp_accept expects (listen_fd)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after tcp_accept arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SOCK_TCP_ACCEPT, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "tcp_connect") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "tcp_connect expects (host, port)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "tcp_connect expects (host, port)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "tcp_connect expects (host, port)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after tcp_connect args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SOCK_TCP_CONNECT, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "sock_send") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "sock_send expects (fd, data)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "sock_send expects (fd, data)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "sock_send expects (fd, data)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after sock_send args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SOCK_SEND, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "sock_recv") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "sock_recv expects (fd, maxlen)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "sock_recv expects (fd, maxlen)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "sock_recv expects (fd, maxlen)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after sock_recv args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SOCK_RECV, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "sock_close") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "sock_close expects (fd)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after sock_close arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SOCK_CLOSE, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "unix_listen") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "unix_listen expects (path, backlog)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "unix_listen expects (path, backlog)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "unix_listen expects (path, backlog)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after unix_listen args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SOCK_UNIX_LISTEN, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "unix_connect") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "unix_connect expects (path)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after unix_connect arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SOCK_UNIX_CONNECT, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      /* Async-friendly FD helpers */
      if (strcmp(name, "fd_set_nonblock") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        /* Expect (fd, on) -> push fd then on so VM pops on first */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "fd_set_nonblock expects (fd, on)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "fd_set_nonblock expects (fd, on)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "fd_set_nonblock expects (fd, on)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after fd_set_nonblock args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_FD_SET_NONBLOCK, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "fd_poll_read") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        /* Expect (fd, timeout_ms) -> push fd then timeout so VM pops timeout first */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "fd_poll_read expects (fd, timeout_ms)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "fd_poll_read expects (fd, timeout_ms)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "fd_poll_read expects (fd, timeout_ms)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after fd_poll_read args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_FD_POLL_READ, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "fd_poll_write") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        /* Expect (fd, timeout_ms) */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "fd_poll_write expects (fd, timeout_ms)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "fd_poll_write expects (fd, timeout_ms)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "fd_poll_write expects (fd, timeout_ms)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after fd_poll_write args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_FD_POLL_WRITE, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      /* Serial builtins */
      if (strcmp(name, "serial_open") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "serial_open expects (path, baud)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "serial_open expects (path, baud)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "serial_open expects (path, baud)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after serial_open args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SERIAL_OPEN, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "serial_config") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        // fd, data_bits, parity, stop_bits, flow_control
        for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
          if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "serial_config expects 5 arguments");
            free(name);
            return 0;
          }
          if (i < 4) {
            if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
              parser_fail(*pos, "serial_config expects 5 arguments");
              free(name);
              return 0;
            }
          }
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after serial_config args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SERIAL_CONFIG, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "serial_send") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "serial_send expects (fd, data)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "serial_send expects (fd, data)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "serial_send expects (fd, data)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after serial_send args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SERIAL_SEND, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "serial_recv") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "serial_recv expects (fd, maxlen)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "serial_recv expects (fd, maxlen)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "serial_recv expects (fd, maxlen)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after serial_recv args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SERIAL_RECV, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "serial_close") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "serial_close expects (fd)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after serial_close arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SERIAL_CLOSE, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      /* string ops */
      if (strcmp(name, "split") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "split expects string");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        } else {
          parser_fail(*pos, "split expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "split expects separator");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after split args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SPLIT, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "join") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "join expects array");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        } else {
          parser_fail(*pos, "join expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "join expects separator");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after join args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JOIN, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "substr") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "substr expects string");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        } else {
          parser_fail(*pos, "substr expects 3 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "substr expects start");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        } else {
          parser_fail(*pos, "substr expects 3 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "substr expects len");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after substr args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SUBSTR, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "find") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "find expects haystack");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        } else {
          parser_fail(*pos, "find expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "find expects needle");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after find args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_FIND, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      /* regex ops */
      if (strcmp(name, "regex_match") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "regex_match expects text");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        } else {
          parser_fail(*pos, "regex_match expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "regex_match expects pattern");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after regex_match args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_REGEX_MATCH, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "regex_search") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "regex_search expects text");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        } else {
          parser_fail(*pos, "regex_search expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "regex_search expects pattern");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after regex_search args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_REGEX_SEARCH, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "regex_replace") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "regex_replace expects text");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        } else {
          parser_fail(*pos, "regex_replace expects 3 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "regex_replace expects pattern");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        } else {
          parser_fail(*pos, "regex_replace expects 3 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "regex_replace expects replacement");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after regex_replace args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_REGEX_REPLACE, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      /* array utils */
      if (strcmp(name, "contains") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "contains expects array");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        } else {
          parser_fail(*pos, "contains expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "contains expects value");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after contains args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_CONTAINS, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "indexOf") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "indexOf expects array");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        } else {
          parser_fail(*pos, "indexOf expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "indexOf expects value");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after indexOf args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_OF, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "clear") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "clear expects array");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after clear arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_CLEAR, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      /* iteration helpers */
      if (strcmp(name, "enumerate") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "enumerate expects array");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after enumerate arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_ENUMERATE, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "map") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        /* arr */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "map expects (array, function)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        /* store arr -> __map_arr */
        char tarr[64];
        snprintf(tarr, sizeof(tarr), "__map_arr_%d", g_temp_counter++);
        int larr = -1, garr = -1;
        if (g_locals) {
          larr = local_add(tarr);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, larr);
        } else {
          garr = sym_index(tarr);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, garr);
        }
        /* func */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "map expects (array, function)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        char tfn[64];
        snprintf(tfn, sizeof(tfn), "__map_fn_%d", g_temp_counter++);
        int lfn = -1, gfn = -1;
        if (g_locals) {
          lfn = local_add(tfn);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, lfn);
        } else {
          gfn = sym_index(tfn);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gfn);
        }
        /* res array */
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_MAKE_ARRAY, 0);
        char tres[64];
        snprintf(tres, sizeof(tres), "__map_res_%d", g_temp_counter++);
        int lres = -1, gres = -1;
        if (g_locals) {
          lres = local_add(tres);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, lres);
        } else {
          gres = sym_index(tres);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gres);
        }
        /* i=0 */
        int c0 = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(0));
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, c0);
        char ti[64];
        snprintf(ti, sizeof(ti), "__map_i_%d", g_temp_counter++);
        int li = -1, gi = -1;
        if (g_locals) {
          li = local_add(ti);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, li);
        } else {
          gi = sym_index(ti);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gi);
        }
        /* loop start */
        int loop_start = bc->instr_count;
        /* i < len(arr) */
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, li);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, larr);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gi);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, garr);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LEN, 0);
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LT, 0);
        int jf = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
        /* elem = arr[i] */
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, larr);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, li);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, garr);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gi);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0);
        /* call fn(elem) */
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lfn);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gfn);
        }
        /* reorder: we need fn below arg -> push fn first then arg already on stack? We currently have elem on stack; push fn now results top=fn. We want top args then function; OP_CALL expects fn then pops args? Our OP_CALL pops function after args; earlier compile of calls: they push function then args then OP_CALL. So we need to swap: push fn, then swap to make function below arg */
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SWAP, 0);
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_CALL, 1);
        /* Append to result via indexed assignment: res[len(res)] = value */
        /* Store computed value to a temp */
        char tv[64];
        snprintf(tv, sizeof(tv), "__map_v_%d", g_temp_counter++);
        int lv = -1, gv = -1;
        if (g_locals) {
          lv = local_add(tv);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, lv);
        } else {
          gv = sym_index(tv);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gv);
        }

        /* Push array (for INDEX_SET we need stack: value, index, array; we will build array, index, then value) */
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lres);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gres);
        }

        /* Compute index = len(res) */
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lres);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gres);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LEN, 0);

        /* Load value back on top */
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lv);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gv);
        }

        /* Append via insert: res.insert(index=len(res), value) */
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INSERT, 0);
        /* dApache-2.0ard returned new length */
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_POP, 0);

        /* i++ */
        int c1 = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(1));
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, li);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, c1);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_ADD, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, li);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gi);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, c1);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_ADD, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gi);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, loop_start);
        bytecode_set_operand(bc, jf, bc->instr_count);
        /* result value on stack */
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lres);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gres);
        }
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "filter") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "filter expects (array, function)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        char tarr[64];
        snprintf(tarr, sizeof(tarr), "__flt_arr_%d", g_temp_counter++);
        int larr = -1, garr = -1;
        if (g_locals) {
          larr = local_add(tarr);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, larr);
        } else {
          garr = sym_index(tarr);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, garr);
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "filter expects (array, function)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        char tfn[64];
        snprintf(tfn, sizeof(tfn), "__flt_fn_%d", g_temp_counter++);
        int lfn = -1, gfn = -1;
        if (g_locals) {
          lfn = local_add(tfn);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, lfn);
        } else {
          gfn = sym_index(tfn);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gfn);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_MAKE_ARRAY, 0);
        char tres[64];
        snprintf(tres, sizeof(tres), "__flt_res_%d", g_temp_counter++);
        int lres = -1, gres = -1;
        if (g_locals) {
          lres = local_add(tres);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, lres);
        } else {
          gres = sym_index(tres);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gres);
        }
        int c0 = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(0));
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, c0);
        char ti[64];
        snprintf(ti, sizeof(ti), "__flt_i_%d", g_temp_counter++);
        int li = -1, gi = -1;
        if (g_locals) {
          li = local_add(ti);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, li);
        } else {
          gi = sym_index(ti);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gi);
        }
        int loop_start = bc->instr_count;
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, li);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, larr);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gi);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, garr);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LEN, 0);
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LT, 0);
        int jf = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, larr);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, li);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, garr);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gi);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0);
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lfn);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gfn);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SWAP, 0);
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_CALL, 1);
        /* if truthy then push elem to res */
        int jskip = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
        /* Append element to result: res[len(res)] = elem */
        /* Reload element into a temp */
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, larr);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, li);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, garr);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gi);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0);

        char tvf[64];
        snprintf(tvf, sizeof(tvf), "__flt_v_%d", g_temp_counter++);
        int lvf = -1, gvf = -1;
        if (g_locals) {
          lvf = local_add(tvf);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, lvf);
        } else {
          gvf = sym_index(tvf);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gvf);
        }

        /* Push array */
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lres);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gres);
        }

        /* index = len(res) */
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lres);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gres);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LEN, 0);

        /* value */
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lvf);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gvf);
        }

        /* Append via insert: res.insert(index=len(res), value) */
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INSERT, 0);
        /* dApache-2.0ard returned new length */
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_POP, 0);

        int c1 = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(1));
        /* patch skip over append */
        bytecode_set_operand(bc, jskip, bc->instr_count);
        /* i++ */
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, li);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, c1);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_ADD, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, li);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gi);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, c1);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_ADD, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gi);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, loop_start);
        bytecode_set_operand(bc, jf, bc->instr_count);
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lres);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gres);
        }
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "reduce") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "reduce expects (array, init, function)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        char tarr[64];
        snprintf(tarr, sizeof(tarr), "__red_arr_%d", g_temp_counter++);
        int larr = -1, garr = -1;
        if (g_locals) {
          larr = local_add(tarr);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, larr);
        } else {
          garr = sym_index(tarr);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, garr);
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "reduce expects (array, init, function)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        char tacc[64];
        snprintf(tacc, sizeof(tacc), "__red_acc_%d", g_temp_counter++);
        int lacc = -1, gacc = -1;
        if (g_locals) {
          lacc = local_add(tacc);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, lacc);
        } else {
          gacc = sym_index(tacc);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gacc);
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "reduce expects (array, init, function)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        char tfn[64];
        snprintf(tfn, sizeof(tfn), "__red_fn_%d", g_temp_counter++);
        int lfn = -1, gfn = -1;
        if (g_locals) {
          lfn = local_add(tfn);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, lfn);
        } else {
          gfn = sym_index(tfn);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gfn);
        }
        /* loop */
        int c0 = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(0));
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, c0);
        char ti[64];
        snprintf(ti, sizeof(ti), "__red_i_%d", g_temp_counter++);
        int li = -1, gi = -1;
        if (g_locals) {
          li = local_add(ti);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, li);
        } else {
          gi = sym_index(ti);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gi);
        }
        int loop_start = bc->instr_count;
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, li);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, larr);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gi);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, garr);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LEN, 0);
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LT, 0);
        int jf = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
        /* elem */
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, larr);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, li);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, garr);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gi);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0);

        /* Store elem to a temp so we can build stack as: fn, acc, elem */
        char telem[64];
        snprintf(telem, sizeof(telem), "__red_elem_%d", g_temp_counter++);
        int lelem = -1, gelem = -1;
        if (g_locals) {
          lelem = local_add(telem);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, lelem);
        } else {
          gelem = sym_index(telem);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gelem);
        }

        /* push function */
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lfn);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gfn);
        }

        /* push accumulator (arg1) */
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lacc);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gacc);
        }

        /* push element (arg2) */
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lelem);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gelem);
        }

        /* call fn(acc, elem) -> result */
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_CALL, 2);
        /* store to acc */
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, lacc);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gacc);
        }
        int c1 = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(1));
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, li);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, c1);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_ADD, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, li);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gi);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, c1);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_ADD, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gi);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, loop_start);
        bytecode_set_operand(bc, jf, bc->instr_count);
        /* result = acc on stack */
        if (g_locals) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lacc);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gacc);
        }
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "zip") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "zip expects first array");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        } else {
          parser_fail(*pos, "zip expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "zip expects second array");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after zip args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_ZIP, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      /* math */
      if (strcmp(name, "min") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "min expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "min expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_MIN, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "max") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "max expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "max expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_MAX, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "fmin") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "fmin expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "fmin expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_FMIN, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "fmax") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "fmax expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "fmax expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_FMAX, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "clamp") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "clamp expects 3 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "clamp expects 3 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "clamp expects 3 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_CLAMP, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "abs") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "abs expects 1 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_ABS, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "floor") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "floor expects 1 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_FLOOR, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "ceil") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ceil expects 1 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_CEIL, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "trunc") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "trunc expects 1 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TRUNC, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "round") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "round expects 1 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_ROUND, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "sin") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "sin expects 1 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SIN, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "cos") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "cos expects 1 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_COS, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "tan") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "tan expects 1 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TAN, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "exp") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "exp expects 1 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_EXP, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "log") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "log expects 1 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOG, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "log10") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "log10 expects 1 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOG10, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "sqrt") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "sqrt expects 1 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SQRT, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "gcd") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "gcd expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "gcd expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_GCD, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "lcm") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "lcm expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "lcm expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LCM, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "isqrt") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "isqrt expects 1 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_ISQRT, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "sign") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "sign expects 1 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SIGN, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "pow") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pow expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "pow expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_POW, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }

      if (strcmp(name, "random_seed") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "random_seed expects 1 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_RANDOM_SEED, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "random_int") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "random_int expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "random_int expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_RANDOM_INT, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }

      if (strcmp(name, "random_number") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        /* expects exactly 1 arg: length */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "random_number expects 1 arg (length)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after random_number arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_RANDOM_NUMBER, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }

      /* threading */
      if (strcmp(name, "thread_spawn") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        /* thread_spawn(fn [, args]) */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "thread_spawn expects function as first arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        int hasArgs = 0;
        skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
          if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "thread_spawn second arg must be array or value");
            free(name);
            return 0;
          }
          hasArgs = 1;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after thread_spawn args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_THREAD_SPAWN, hasArgs ? 1 : 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "thread_join") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "thread_join expects 1 arg (thread id)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_THREAD_JOIN, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "sleep") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "sleep expects 1 arg (milliseconds)");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SLEEP_MS, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }

      /* bitwise ops (32-bit) */
      if (strcmp(name, "band") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "band expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "band expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_BAND, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "bor") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "bor expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "bor expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_BOR, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "bxor") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "bxor expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "bxor expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_BXOR, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "bnot") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "bnot expects 1 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "bnot expects 1 arg");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_BNOT, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "shl") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "shl expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "shl expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SHL, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "shr") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "shr expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "shr expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SHR, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "rol") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "rol expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "rol expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_ROTL, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }
      if (strcmp(name, "ror") == 0) {
        (*pos)++; /* '(' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ror expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos) || !consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "ror expects 2 args");
          free(name);
          return 0;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_ROTR, 0);
        free(name);
        return 1;
      }

      /* push function value first */
      if (local_idx >= 0) {
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, local_idx);
      } else {
        int gi = sym_index(name);
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gi);
      }
      /* Track namespace alias only for the initial receiver; after any call it's no longer an alias value */
      int __ns_ctx = is_ns_alias(name);
      /* parse arguments */
      (*pos)++; /* '(' */
      int argc = 0;
      skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
      if (*pos < len && src[*pos] != ')') {
        do {
          if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "Expected expression as function argument");
            free(name);
            return 0;
          }
          argc++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        } while (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',' && (++(*pos), skip_spaces(src, len, pos), 1));
      }
      if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
        parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after arguments");
        free(name);
        return 0;
      }
#ifdef FUN_DEBUG
      /* DEBUG: show compiled call (only when FUN_DEBUG/FUN_TRACE enabled at runtime) */
      if (fun_debug_enabled()) {
        printf("compile: CALL %s with %d arg(s)\n", name, argc);
      }
#endif
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_CALL, argc);
      /* postfix indexing, slice, and dot access/method calls */
      for (;;) {
        skip_spaces(src, len, pos);

        /* index/slice */
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == '[') {
          (*pos)++;
          if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "Expected start expression");
            free(name);
            return 0;
          }
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
          if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ':') {
            (*pos)++;
            skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
            size_t svp = *pos;
            if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
              *pos = svp;
              int ci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(-1));
              bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci);
            }
            if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ']')) {
              parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ']' after slice");
              free(name);
              return 0;
            }
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SLICE, 0);
            continue;
          } else {
            if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ']')) {
              parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ']' after index");
              free(name);
              return 0;
            }
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0);
            continue;
          }
        }

        /* dot property access and method-call sugar: obj.field or obj.method(...) */
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == '.') {
          (*pos)++; /* '.' */
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
          char *mname = NULL;
          if (!read_identifier_into(src, len, pos, &mname)) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "Expected identifier after '.'");
            free(name);
            return 0;
          }
          int is_private = (mname && mname[0] == '_');
          int kci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string(mname));

          /* Peek for immediate call: obj.method( ... ) */
          size_t callp = *pos;
          skip_spaces(src, len, &callp);
          if (callp < len && src[callp] == '(') {
            /* If private method on non-'this' receiver in this context -> error */
            if (is_private) {
              char msg[160];
              snprintf(msg, sizeof(msg), "AccessError: private method '%s' is not accessible here", mname);
              int ci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string(msg));
              bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci);
              bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PRINT, 0);
              bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_HALT, 0);
              free(mname);
              continue;
            }

            /* After a function call, the receiver is a value (not a namespace alias);
               always treat dot-call as a method with implicit 'this'. */
            int is_ns = 0;

            /* Method sugar with implicit 'this' */
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_DUP, 0);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, kci);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0); /* -> stack: obj, func */
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SWAP, 0);      /* -> stack: func, obj (this) */

            /* Consume '(' and parse args */
            *pos = callp + 1;
            int argc = 0;
            skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
            if (*pos < len && src[*pos] != ')') {
              do {
                if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
                  parser_fail(*pos, "Expected expression as method argument");
                  free(mname);
                  free(name);
                  return 0;
                }
                argc++;
                skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
              } while (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',' && (++(*pos), skip_spaces(src, len, pos), 1));
            }
            if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
              parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after arguments");
              free(mname);
              free(name);
              return 0;
            }

            /* Call */
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_CALL, is_ns ? argc : (argc + 1));
            free(mname);
            continue;
          } else {
            /* Plain property get: obj["field"] */
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, kci);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0);
            free(mname);
            continue;
          }
        }

        break;
      }
      free(name);
      return 1;
    } else {
      if (local_idx >= 0) {
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, local_idx);
      } else {
        int gi = sym_index(name);
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gi);
      }
      /* track namespace alias only for the initial receiver; after any call it's no longer an alias value */
      int __ns_ctx = is_ns_alias(name);
      /* postfix indexing, slice, and dot access/method calls */
      for (;;) {
        skip_spaces(src, len, pos);

        /* index/slice */
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == '[') {
          (*pos)++;
          if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "Expected start expression");
            free(name);
            return 0;
          }
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
          if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ':') {
            (*pos)++;
            skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
            size_t svp = *pos;
            if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
              *pos = svp;
              int ci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(-1));
              bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci);
            }
            if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ']')) {
              parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ']' after slice");
              free(name);
              return 0;
            }
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SLICE, 0);
            continue;
          } else {
            if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ']')) {
              parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ']' after index");
              free(name);
              return 0;
            }
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0);
            continue;
          }
        }

        /* dot property access and method-call sugar */
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == '.') {
          (*pos)++;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
          char *mname = NULL;
          if (!read_identifier_into(src, len, pos, &mname)) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "Expected identifier after '.'");
            free(name);
            return 0;
          }
          int is_private = (mname && mname[0] == '_');
          int kci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string(mname));

          /* Peek for call */
          size_t callp = *pos;
          skip_spaces(src, len, &callp);
          if (callp < len && src[callp] == '(') {
            /* If private and receiver is not 'this' -> error */
            if (is_private && !(strcmp(name, "this") == 0)) {
              char msg[160];
              snprintf(msg, sizeof(msg), "AccessError: private method '%s' is not accessible", mname);
              int ci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string(msg));
              bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci);
              bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PRINT, 0);
              bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_HALT, 0);
              free(mname);
              continue;
            }

            /* Use initial alias context for only the first dot-call; reset after call */
            int is_ns = __ns_ctx;

            if (!is_ns) {
              /* Method sugar with implicit 'this' */
              bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_DUP, 0);
              bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, kci);
              bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0); /* -> obj, func */
              bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SWAP, 0);      /* -> func, obj */
            } else {
              /* Plain property function call */
              bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, kci);
              bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0); /* -> func */
            }

            *pos = callp + 1;
            int argc = 0;
            skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
            if (*pos < len && src[*pos] != ')') {
              do {
                if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
                  parser_fail(*pos, "Expected expression as method argument");
                  free(mname);
                  free(name);
                  return 0;
                }
                argc++;
                skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
              } while (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',' && (++(*pos), skip_spaces(src, len, pos), 1));
            }
            if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
              parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after arguments");
              free(mname);
              free(name);
              return 0;
            }

            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_CALL, is_ns ? argc : (argc + 1));
            /* After any call, the receiver is now a value, not a namespace alias */
            __ns_ctx = 0;

            free(mname);
            continue;
          } else {
            /* plain property get (allowed even for private name) */
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, kci);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0);
            free(mname);
            continue;
          }
        }

        break;
      }
      free(name);
      return 1;
    }
  }

  return 0;
}

/* unary: '!' unary | '-' unary | primary */
static int emit_unary(Bytecode *bc, const char *src, size_t len, size_t *pos) {
  skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
  if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == '!') {
    (*pos)++;
    if (!emit_unary(bc, src, len, pos)) {
      parser_fail(*pos, "Expected expression after '!'");
      return 0;
    }
    bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_NOT, 0);
    return 1;
  }
  if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == '-') {
    (*pos)++;
    /* unary minus -> 0 - expr */
    int ci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(0));
    bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci);
    if (!emit_unary(bc, src, len, pos)) {
      parser_fail(*pos, "Expected expression after unary '-'");
      return 0;
    }
    bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SUB, 0);
    return 1;
  }
  return emit_primary(bc, src, len, pos);
}

/* multiplicative: unary (('*' | '/' | '%') unary)* */
static int emit_multiplicative(Bytecode *bc, const char *src, size_t len, size_t *pos) {
  if (!emit_unary(bc, src, len, pos)) return 0;
  for (;;) {
    skip_spaces(src, len, pos);

    /* Stop expression at start of inline comment */
    if (*pos + 1 < len && src[*pos] == '/' && src[*pos + 1] == '/') {
      break;
    }
    /* Skip block comments inside expressions */
    if (*pos + 1 < len && src[*pos] == '/' && src[*pos + 1] == '*') {
      size_t p = *pos + 2;
      while (p + 1 < len && !(src[p] == '*' && src[p + 1] == '/')) {
        p++;
      }
      if (p + 1 < len) p += 2; /* consume closing marker */
      *pos = p;
      continue;
    }

    if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == '*') {
      (*pos)++;
      if (!emit_unary(bc, src, len, pos)) {
        parser_fail(*pos, "Expected expression after '*'");
        return 0;
      }
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_MUL, 0);
      continue;
    }
    if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == '/') {
      (*pos)++;
      if (!emit_unary(bc, src, len, pos)) {
        parser_fail(*pos, "Expected expression after '/'");
        return 0;
      }
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_DIV, 0);
      continue;
    }
    if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == '%') {
      (*pos)++;
      if (!emit_unary(bc, src, len, pos)) {
        parser_fail(*pos, "Expected expression after '%'");
        return 0;
      }
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_MOD, 0);
      continue;
    }
    break;
  }
  return 1;
}

/* additive: multiplicative (('+' | '-') multiplicative)* */
static int emit_additive(Bytecode *bc, const char *src, size_t len, size_t *pos) {
  if (!emit_multiplicative(bc, src, len, pos)) return 0;
  for (;;) {
    skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
    if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == '+') {
      (*pos)++;
      if (!emit_multiplicative(bc, src, len, pos)) {
        parser_fail(*pos, "Expected expression after '+'");
        return 0;
      }
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_ADD, 0);
      continue;
    }
    if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == '-') {
      (*pos)++;
      if (!emit_multiplicative(bc, src, len, pos)) {
        parser_fail(*pos, "Expected expression after '-'");
        return 0;
      }
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_SUB, 0);
      continue;
    }
    break;
  }
  return 1;
}

/* relational: additive (('<' | '<=' | '>' | '>=') additive)* */
static int emit_relational(Bytecode *bc, const char *src, size_t len, size_t *pos) {
  if (!emit_additive(bc, src, len, pos)) return 0;
  for (;;) {
    skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
    if (*pos + 1 < len && src[*pos] == '<' && src[*pos + 1] == '=') {
      *pos += 2;
      if (!emit_additive(bc, src, len, pos)) {
        parser_fail(*pos, "Expected expression after '<='");
        return 0;
      }
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LTE, 0);
      continue;
    }
    if (*pos + 1 < len && src[*pos] == '>' && src[*pos + 1] == '=') {
      *pos += 2;
      if (!emit_additive(bc, src, len, pos)) {
        parser_fail(*pos, "Expected expression after '>='");
        return 0;
      }
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_GTE, 0);
      continue;
    }
    if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == '<') {
      (*pos)++;
      if (!emit_additive(bc, src, len, pos)) {
        parser_fail(*pos, "Expected expression after '<'");
        return 0;
      }
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LT, 0);
      continue;
    }
    if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == '>') {
      (*pos)++;
      if (!emit_additive(bc, src, len, pos)) {
        parser_fail(*pos, "Expected expression after '>'");
        return 0;
      }
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_GT, 0);
      continue;
    }
    break;
  }
  return 1;
}

/* equality: relational (('==' | '!=') relational)* */
static int emit_equality(Bytecode *bc, const char *src, size_t len, size_t *pos) {
  if (!emit_relational(bc, src, len, pos)) return 0;
  for (;;) {
    skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
    if (*pos + 1 < len && src[*pos] == '=' && src[*pos + 1] == '=') {
      *pos += 2;
      if (!emit_relational(bc, src, len, pos)) {
        parser_fail(*pos, "Expected expression after '=='");
        return 0;
      }
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_EQ, 0);
      continue;
    }
    if (*pos + 1 < len && src[*pos] == '!' && src[*pos + 1] == '=') {
      *pos += 2;
      if (!emit_relational(bc, src, len, pos)) {
        parser_fail(*pos, "Expected expression after '!='");
        return 0;
      }
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_NEQ, 0);
      continue;
    }
    break;
  }
  return 1;
}

/* logical AND with short-circuit: equality ( '&&' equality )* */
static int emit_and_expr(Bytecode *bc, const char *src, size_t len, size_t *pos) {
  int jf_idxs[64];
  int jf_count = 0;
  int has_and = 0;

  /* first operand */
  if (!emit_equality(bc, src, len, pos)) return 0;

  for (;;) {
    skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
    if (!(*pos + 1 < len && src[*pos] == '&' && src[*pos + 1] == '&')) break;
    *pos += 2;
    has_and = 1;

    /* if current value is false -> jump to false label (patched later) */
    if (jf_count < (int)(sizeof(jf_idxs) / sizeof(jf_idxs[0]))) {
      jf_idxs[jf_count++] = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
    } else {
      parser_fail(*pos, "Too many operands in '&&' chain");
      return 0;
    }

    /* evaluate next operand */
    if (!emit_equality(bc, src, len, pos)) {
      parser_fail(*pos, "Expected expression after '&&'");
      return 0;
    }
  }

  if (has_and) {
    /* final: if last operand is false -> jump false */
    if (jf_count < (int)(sizeof(jf_idxs) / sizeof(jf_idxs[0]))) {
      jf_idxs[jf_count++] = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
    } else {
      parser_fail(*pos, "Too many operands in '&&' chain");
      return 0;
    }

    /* all were truthy -> result true */
    int c1 = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_bool(1));
    bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, c1);
    int j_end = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);

    /* false label: patch all false jumps here, result false */
    int l_false = bc->instr_count;
    for (int i = 0; i < jf_count; ++i) {
      bytecode_set_operand(bc, jf_idxs[i], l_false);
    }
    int c0 = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_bool(0));
    bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, c0);

    /* end */
    int l_end = bc->instr_count;
    bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_end, l_end);
  }

  return 1;
}

/* logical OR with short-circuit: and_expr ( '||' and_expr )* */
static int emit_or_expr(Bytecode *bc, const char *src, size_t len, size_t *pos) {
  int true_jumps[64];
  int tj_count = 0;
  int has_or = 0;

  /* first operand */
  if (!emit_and_expr(bc, src, len, pos)) return 0;

  for (;;) {
    skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
    if (!(*pos + 1 < len && src[*pos] == '|' && src[*pos + 1] == '|')) break;
    *pos += 2;
    has_or = 1;

    /* if current value is false -> proceed to next; else -> result true */
    int jf_proceed = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);

    /* true path: push true and jump to end */
    int c1 = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_bool(1));
    bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, c1);
    if (tj_count < (int)(sizeof(true_jumps) / sizeof(true_jumps[0]))) {
      true_jumps[tj_count++] = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);
    } else {
      parser_fail(*pos, "Too many operands in '||' chain");
      return 0;
    }

    /* patch to start of next operand */
    bytecode_set_operand(bc, jf_proceed, bc->instr_count);

    /* evaluate next operand */
    if (!emit_and_expr(bc, src, len, pos)) {
      parser_fail(*pos, "Expected expression after '||'");
      return 0;
    }
  }

  if (has_or) {
    /* After evaluating the last operand: test it and produce 1/0 */
    int jf_last = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);

    int c1 = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(1));
    bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, c1);
    int j_end_single = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);

    int l_false = bc->instr_count;
    bytecode_set_operand(bc, jf_last, l_false);
    int c0 = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(0));
    bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, c0);

    int l_end = bc->instr_count;
    bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_end_single, l_end);
    for (int i = 0; i < tj_count; ++i) {
      bytecode_set_operand(bc, true_jumps[i], l_end);
    }
  }

  return 1;
}

/* conditional operator (ternary) with right associativity:
   Parses: logical_or ('?' conditional ':' conditional)? */
static int emit_conditional(Bytecode *bc, const char *src, size_t len, size_t *pos) {
  /* parse condition (logical OR precedence or higher) */
  if (!emit_or_expr(bc, src, len, pos)) return 0;

  for (;;) {
    skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
    if (!(*pos < len && src[*pos] == '?')) break;
    (*pos)++; /* consume '?' */

    /* If condition is false -> jump to false arm */
    int jmp_false = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);

    /* true arm (right-assoc: allow nested ternaries) */
    skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
    if (!emit_conditional(bc, src, len, pos)) {
      parser_fail(*pos, "Expected expression after '?'");
      return 0;
    }

    /* After true arm, unconditionally skip false arm */
    int jmp_end = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);

    /* false arm label */
    bytecode_set_operand(bc, jmp_false, bc->instr_count);

    /* require ':' */
    skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
    if (!(*pos < len && src[*pos] == ':')) {
      parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ':' in conditional expression");
      return 0;
    }
    (*pos)++; /* consume ':' */

    /* false arm (right-assoc) */
    skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
    if (!emit_conditional(bc, src, len, pos)) {
      parser_fail(*pos, "Expected expression after ':'");
      return 0;
    }

    /* end label */
    bytecode_set_operand(bc, jmp_end, bc->instr_count);
    /* loop to allow chaining like a ? b : c ? d : e (right-assoc) */
  }
  return 1;
}

/* top-level expression */
static int emit_expression(Bytecode *bc, const char *src, size_t len, size_t *pos) {
  return emit_conditional(bc, src, len, pos);
}

/*
 * Indentation-aware compiler (2 spaces):
 * - Optional shebang and a single fun <ident>() { ... } wrapper.
 * - Statements supported: print(expr), ident = expr, and if <expr> with an indented block.
 * - Literals: strings, integers, booleans; identifiers are globals.
 * - Ends with HALT.
 */

/* line/indent utilities */
static void skip_to_eol(const char *src, size_t len, size_t *pos) {
  /* Strict mode: only allow trailing spaces and comments until end-of-line. */
  size_t p = *pos;

  for (;;) {
    /* skip spaces */
    while (p < len && src[p] == ' ')
      p++;

    if (p >= len) {
      *pos = p;
      return;
    }
    /* Treat CR, LF, and CRLF as end-of-line */
    if (src[p] == '\r') {
      p++;
      if (p < len && src[p] == '\n') p++;
      *pos = p;
      return;
    }
    if (src[p] == '\n') {
      *pos = p + 1;
      return;
    }

    /* line or block comments allowed */
    if (p + 1 < len && src[p] == '/' && src[p + 1] == '/') {
      /* consume rest of line up to CR or LF */
      p += 2;
      while (p < len && src[p] != '\n' && src[p] != '\r')
        p++;
      if (p < len && src[p] == '\r') {
        p++;
        if (p < len && src[p] == '\n') p++;
      } else if (p < len && src[p] == '\n') {
        p++;
      }
      *pos = p;
      return;
    }

    if (p + 1 < len && src[p] == '/' && src[p + 1] == '*') {
      /* consume block comment, then loop again for spaces till EOL */
      p += 2;
      while (p + 1 < len && !(src[p] == '*' && src[p + 1] == '/')) {
        p++;
      }
      if (p + 1 < len) {
        p += 2; /* consume closing */
        continue;
      } else {
        parser_fail(p, "Unterminated block comment at end of file");
        *pos = p;
        return;
      }
    }

    /* Any other character here is unexpected trailing garbage */
    parser_fail(p, "Unexpected trailing characters at end of line");
    *pos = p;
    return;
  }
}

static int read_line_start(const char *src, size_t len, size_t *pos, int *out_indent) {
  while (*pos < len) {
    size_t p = *pos;
    int spaces = 0;
    while (p < len && src[p] == ' ') {
      spaces++;
      p++;
    }
    if (p < len && src[p] == '\t') {
      parser_fail(p, "Tabs are forbidden for indentation");
      return 0;
    }
    if (p >= len) {
      *pos = p;
      return 0;
    }

    /* empty line: handle CR, LF, and CRLF */
    if (src[p] == '\r') {
      p++;
      if (p < len && src[p] == '\n') p++;
      *pos = p;
      continue;
    }
    if (src[p] == '\n') {
      p++;
      *pos = p;
      continue;
    }

    /* // comment-only line */
    if (p + 1 < len && src[p] == '/' && src[p + 1] == '/') {
      /* skip entire line up to CR/LF */
      p += 2;
      while (p < len && src[p] != '\n' && src[p] != '\r')
        p++;
      if (p < len && src[p] == '\r') {
        p++;
        if (p < len && src[p] == '\n') p++;
      } else if (p < len && src[p] == '\n') {
        p++;
      }
      *pos = p;
      continue;
    }

    // block comment starting at line (treat as comment-only line)
    if (p + 1 < len && src[p] == '/' && src[p + 1] == '*') {
      p += 2;
      /* advance until we find closing block comment marker */
      while (p + 1 < len && !(src[p] == '*' && src[p + 1] == '/')) {
        p++;
      }
      if (p + 1 < len) p += 2; /* consume closing block comment marker */
      /* consume to end of current line (if any leftover) */
      while (p < len && src[p] != '\n' && src[p] != '\r')
        p++;
      if (p < len && src[p] == '\r') {
        p++;
        if (p < len && src[p] == '\n') p++;
      } else if (p < len && src[p] == '\n') {
        p++;
      }
      *pos = p;
      continue;
    }

    if (spaces % 2 != 0) {
      parser_fail(p, "Indentation must be multiples of two spaces");
      return 0;
    }
    *out_indent = spaces / 2;
    *pos = p; /* point to first code char */
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

/* forward decl */
static void parse_block(Bytecode *bc, const char *src, size_t len, size_t *pos, int current_indent);

/* parse and emit a single simple (non-if) statement on the current line */
static void parse_simple_statement(Bytecode *bc, const char *src, size_t len, size_t *pos) {
  size_t local_pos = *pos;
  char *name = NULL;
  if (read_identifier_into(src, len, &local_pos, &name)) {

    /* alias: accept 'sint*' as synonyms for 'int*' */
    if (strcmp(name, "sint8") == 0) {
      free(name);
      name = strdup("int8");
    } else if (strcmp(name, "sint16") == 0) {
      free(name);
      name = strdup("int16");
    } else if (strcmp(name, "sint32") == 0) {
      free(name);
      name = strdup("int32");
    } else if (strcmp(name, "sint64") == 0) {
      free(name);
      name = strdup("int64");
    }

    /* return statement */
    if (strcmp(name, "return") == 0) {
      free(name);
      skip_spaces(src, len, &local_pos);
      /* optional expression */
      size_t save_pos = local_pos;
      if (emit_expression(bc, src, len, &local_pos)) {
        /* expression result already on stack */
      } else {
        /* no expression: return nil */
        local_pos = save_pos;
        int ci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_nil());
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci);
      }
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_RETURN, 0);
      *pos = local_pos;
      skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);
      return;
    }

    /* exit statement: exit [expr]? */
    if (strcmp(name, "exit") == 0) {
      free(name);
      skip_spaces(src, len, &local_pos);
      size_t save_pos = local_pos;
      if (emit_expression(bc, src, len, &local_pos)) {
        /* expression result already on stack */
      } else {
        /* default exit code 0 */
        local_pos = save_pos;
        int ci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(0));
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci);
      }
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_EXIT, 0);
      *pos = local_pos;
      skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);
      return;
    }

    /* break / continue */
    if (strcmp(name, "break") == 0) {
      free(name);
      if (!g_loop_ctx) {
        parser_fail(local_pos, "break used outside of loop");
        return;
      }
      int j = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);
      if (g_loop_ctx->break_count < (int)(sizeof(g_loop_ctx->break_jumps) / sizeof(g_loop_ctx->break_jumps[0]))) {
        g_loop_ctx->break_jumps[g_loop_ctx->break_count++] = j;
      } else {
        parser_fail(local_pos, "Too many 'break' in one loop");
        return;
      }
      *pos = local_pos;
      skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);
      return;
    }
    if (strcmp(name, "continue") == 0) {
      free(name);
      if (!g_loop_ctx) {
        parser_fail(local_pos, "continue used outside of loop");
        return;
      }
      int j = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);
      if (g_loop_ctx->cont_count < (int)(sizeof(g_loop_ctx->continue_jumps) / sizeof(g_loop_ctx->continue_jumps[0]))) {
        g_loop_ctx->continue_jumps[g_loop_ctx->cont_count++] = j;
      } else {
        parser_fail(local_pos, "Too many 'continue' in one loop");
        return;
      }
      *pos = local_pos;
      skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);
      return;
    }

    /* typed declarations:
       number|string|boolean|nil|Class|byte|uint8|uint16|uint32|uint64|int8|int16|int32|int64 <ident> (= expr)?
       Note: 'number' maps to signed 64-bit here. 'byte' is an alias of unsigned 8-bit. 'Class' restricts to class instances.
     */
    if (strcmp(name, "number") == 0 || strcmp(name, "string") == 0 || strcmp(name, "boolean") == 0 || strcmp(name, "nil") == 0 || strcmp(name, "class") == 0 || strcmp(name, "float") == 0 || strcmp(name, "array") == 0 || strcmp(name, "byte") == 0 || strcmp(name, "uint8") == 0 || strcmp(name, "uint16") == 0 || strcmp(name, "uint32") == 0 || strcmp(name, "uint64") == 0 || strcmp(name, "int8") == 0 || strcmp(name, "int16") == 0 || strcmp(name, "int32") == 0 || strcmp(name, "int64") == 0) {
      int is_number = (strcmp(name, "number") == 0);
      int is_string = (strcmp(name, "string") == 0);
      int is_boolean = (strcmp(name, "boolean") == 0);
      int is_nil = (strcmp(name, "nil") == 0);
      int is_class = (strcmp(name, "class") == 0);
      int is_float = (strcmp(name, "float") == 0);
      int is_array = (strcmp(name, "array") == 0);
      int is_byte = (strcmp(name, "byte") == 0);
      int is_u8 = (strcmp(name, "uint8") == 0) || is_byte;
      int is_u16 = (strcmp(name, "uint16") == 0);
      int is_u32 = (strcmp(name, "uint32") == 0);
      int is_u64 = (strcmp(name, "uint64") == 0);
      int is_s8 = (strcmp(name, "int8") == 0);
      int is_s16 = (strcmp(name, "int16") == 0);
      int is_s32 = (strcmp(name, "int32") == 0);
      int is_s64 = (strcmp(name, "int64") == 0) || is_number; /* number maps to int64 (signed) */
      int decl_bits = is_u8 ? 8 : is_u16 ? 16
                                : is_u32 ? 32
                                : is_u64 ? 64
                                : is_s8  ? 8
                                : is_s16 ? 16
                                : is_s32 ? 32
                                : is_s64 ? 64
                                         : 0;
      int decl_signed = (is_s8 || is_s16 || is_s32 || is_s64) ? 1 : 0;
      /* store decl bits with sign encoded: negative means signed (number is signed 64-bit) */
      if (decl_signed) decl_bits = -decl_bits;

      /* declared type metadata: integers use decl_bits; string/boolean/nil/Class/float/array use special markers */
      int decl_meta = decl_bits;
      if (is_string) {
        decl_meta = TYPE_META_STRING;
      } else if (is_boolean) {
        decl_meta = TYPE_META_BOOLEAN;
      } else if (is_nil) {
        decl_meta = TYPE_META_NIL;
      } else if (is_class) {
        decl_meta = TYPE_META_CLASS;
      } else if (is_float) {
        decl_meta = TYPE_META_FLOAT;
      } else if (is_array) {
        decl_meta = TYPE_META_ARRAY;
      }

      free(name);

      /* read variable name */
      char *varname = NULL;
      skip_spaces(src, len, &local_pos);
      if (!read_identifier_into(src, len, &local_pos, &varname)) {
        parser_fail(local_pos, "Expected identifier after type declaration");
        return;
      }

      /* decide local vs global */
      int lidx = -1;
      int gi = -1;
      if (g_locals) {
        int existing = local_find(varname);
        if (existing >= 0)
          lidx = existing;
        else
          lidx = local_add(varname);
        if (lidx >= 0) {
          g_locals->types[lidx] = decl_meta; /* encoding: ±bits for integers; TYPE_META_* for non-integer enforced types; 0 = dynamic */
        }
      } else {
        gi = sym_index(varname);
        if (gi >= 0) {
          G.types[gi] = decl_meta;
        }
      }
      free(varname);

      skip_spaces(src, len, &local_pos);
      if (local_pos < len && src[local_pos] == '=') {
        local_pos++; /* '=' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, &local_pos)) {
          parser_fail(local_pos, "Expected initializer expression after '='");
          return;
        }

        /* Enforce declared type on initializer */
        if (decl_meta == TYPE_META_STRING) {
          /* expect String */
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_DUP, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TYPEOF, 0);
          int ciExp = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("String"));
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciExp);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_EQ, 0);
          int j_to_error = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
          int j_skip_err = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);
          /* error block */
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_to_error, bc->instr_count);
          {
            int ciMsg = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("TypeError: expected String"));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciMsg);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PRINT, 0);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_HALT, 0);
          }
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_skip_err, bc->instr_count);
        } else if (decl_meta == TYPE_META_CLASS) {
          /* expect Class instance: Map with "__class" key */
          /* Check typeof(v) == "Map" */
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_DUP, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TYPEOF, 0);
          {
            int ciMap = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("Map"));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciMap);
          }
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_EQ, 0);
          int j_err1 = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
          /* Check v has "__class" */
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_DUP, 0);
          {
            int kci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("__class"));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, kci);
          }
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_HAS_KEY, 0);
          int j_err2 = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
          /* Success path jumps over error block */
          int j_ok = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);
          /* Error block */
          int err_lbl = bc->instr_count;
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_err1, err_lbl);
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_err2, err_lbl);
          {
            int ciMsg = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("TypeError: expected Class"));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciMsg);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PRINT, 0);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_HALT, 0);
          }
          /* Continue after checks */
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_ok, bc->instr_count);
        } else if (decl_meta == TYPE_META_FLOAT) {
          /* expect Float */
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_DUP, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TYPEOF, 0);
          int ciF = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("Float"));
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciF);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_EQ, 0);
          int j_to_error = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
          int j_skip_err = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_to_error, bc->instr_count);
          {
            int ciMsg = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("TypeError: expected Float"));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciMsg);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PRINT, 0);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_HALT, 0);
          }
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_skip_err, bc->instr_count);
        } else if (decl_meta == TYPE_META_ARRAY) {
          /* expect Array */
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_DUP, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TYPEOF, 0);
          int ciArr = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("Array"));
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciArr);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_EQ, 0);
          int j_to_error = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
          int j_skip_err = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_to_error, bc->instr_count);
          {
            int ciMsg = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("TypeError: expected Array"));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciMsg);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PRINT, 0);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_HALT, 0);
          }
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_skip_err, bc->instr_count);
        } else if (decl_meta == TYPE_META_BOOLEAN) {
          /* accept Boolean literal or Number; if Number, clamp to 0/1 */
          /* check if value is Boolean */
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_DUP, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TYPEOF, 0);
          int ciBool = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("Boolean"));
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciBool);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_EQ, 0);
          int j_not_bool = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
          /* it is Boolean -> OK, skip number check */
          int j_done = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);
          /* not Boolean: check Number */
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_not_bool, bc->instr_count);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_DUP, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TYPEOF, 0);
          int ciNum = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("Number"));
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciNum);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_EQ, 0);
          int j_to_error = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
          int j_skip_err = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_to_error, bc->instr_count);
          {
            int ciMsg = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("TypeError: expected Boolean or Number for boolean"));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciMsg);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PRINT, 0);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_HALT, 0);
          }
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_skip_err, bc->instr_count);
          /* if Number, clamp to 0/1 */
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_UCLAMP, 1);
          /* common continuation */
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_done, bc->instr_count);
        } else if (decl_meta == TYPE_META_NIL) {
          /* expect Nil */
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_DUP, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TYPEOF, 0);
          int ciNil = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("Nil"));
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciNil);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_EQ, 0);
          int j_to_error = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
          int j_skip_err = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_to_error, bc->instr_count);
          {
            int ciMsg = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("TypeError: expected Nil"));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciMsg);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PRINT, 0);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_HALT, 0);
          }
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_skip_err, bc->instr_count);
        } else {
          /* integer widths: expect Number then range-check */
          int abs_bits = decl_bits < 0 ? -decl_bits : decl_bits;
          if (abs_bits > 0) {
            /* typeof == Number */
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_DUP, 0);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TYPEOF, 0);
            int ciNum = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("Number"));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciNum);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_EQ, 0);
            int j_to_error = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
            int j_skip_err = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);
            bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_to_error, bc->instr_count);
            {
              int ciMsg = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("TypeError: expected Number"));
              bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciMsg);
              bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PRINT, 0);
              bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_HALT, 0);
            }
            bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_skip_err, bc->instr_count);

            if (abs_bits > 0) {
              bytecode_add_instruction(bc, (decl_bits < 0) ? OP_SCLAMP : OP_UCLAMP, abs_bits);
            }
          }
        }

        if (lidx >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, lidx);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gi);
        }
      } else {
        /* default initialize if no '=' given */
        int ci = -1;
        if (is_string) {
          ci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string(""));
        } else if (is_nil) {
          ci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_nil());
        } else if (is_class) {
          /* Class-typed variable defaults to Nil until assigned an instance */
          ci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_nil());
        } else if (is_boolean) {
          /* booleans default to false */
          ci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_bool(0));
        } else if (is_number || (decl_bits != 0)) {
          /* integers default to 0 */
          ci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(0));
        }
        if (ci >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci);
          int abs_bits2 = decl_bits < 0 ? -decl_bits : decl_bits;
          if (abs_bits2 > 0) {
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, (decl_bits < 0) ? OP_SCLAMP : OP_UCLAMP, abs_bits2);
          }
          if (lidx >= 0) {
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, lidx);
          } else {
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gi);
          }
        }
      }
      *pos = local_pos;
      skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);
      return;
    }

    if (strcmp(name, "print") == 0) {
      free(name);
      skip_spaces(src, len, &local_pos);
      (void)consume_char(src, len, &local_pos, '(');
      if (emit_expression(bc, src, len, &local_pos)) {
        (void)consume_char(src, len, &local_pos, ')');
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PRINT, 0);
      } else {
        (void)consume_char(src, len, &local_pos, ')');
      }
      *pos = local_pos;
      skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);
      return;
    }

    if (strcmp(name, "echo") == 0) {
      free(name);
      skip_spaces(src, len, &local_pos);
      (void)consume_char(src, len, &local_pos, '(');
      if (emit_expression(bc, src, len, &local_pos)) {
        (void)consume_char(src, len, &local_pos, ')');
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_ECHO, 0);
      } else {
        (void)consume_char(src, len, &local_pos, ')');
      }
      *pos = local_pos;
      skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);
      return;
    }

    /* assignment or simple call */
    int lidx = local_find(name);
    int gi = (lidx < 0) ? sym_index(name) : -1;
    skip_spaces(src, len, &local_pos);

    /* object field assignment: supports
       - name.field = expr
       - name.field[expr] = expr
       - name.field[expr1][expr2] = expr
       If pattern doesn't match an assignment, fall back to expression stmt (e.g., method call).
     */
    if (local_pos < len && src[local_pos] == '.') {
      size_t stmt_start = *pos;    /* for expression fallback */
      size_t look = local_pos + 1; /* point after '.' */
      skip_spaces(src, len, &look);
      char *fname = NULL;
      if (!read_identifier_into(src, len, &look, &fname)) {
        parser_fail(look, "Expected field name after '.'");
        free(name);
        return;
      }
      skip_spaces(src, len, &look);
      if (look < len && src[look] == '[') {
        /* Handle name.field[...][...] = value */
        /* Load base container and resolve field: base[field] -> inner container on stack */
        if (lidx >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lidx);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gi);
        }
        int fci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string(fname));
        free(fname);
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, fci);
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0);

        /* Now parse one or more [expr] */
        for (;;) {
          if (!(look < len && src[look] == '[')) break;
          look++; /* consume '[' */
          if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, &look)) {
            parser_fail(look, "Expected index expression after '['");
            free(name);
            return;
          }
          if (!consume_char(src, len, &look, ']')) {
            parser_fail(look, "Expected ']' after index");
            free(name);
            return;
          }
          skip_spaces(src, len, &look);
          if (look < len && src[look] == '[') {
            /* Need to dereference one level: inner = inner[index] */
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0);
            continue;
          }
          break;
        }
        /* Expect '=' to assign into the last container with last index on stack */
        if (look >= len || src[look] != '=') {
          /* Not an assignment: fallback to expression statement */
          free(name);
          size_t expr_pos = stmt_start;
          if (emit_expression(bc, src, len, &expr_pos)) {
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_POP, 0);
          }
          *pos = expr_pos;
          skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);
          return;
        }
        look++; /* skip '=' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, &look)) {
          parser_fail(look, "Expected expression after '='");
          free(name);
          return;
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_SET, 0);
        free(name);
        *pos = look;
        skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);
        return;
      } else if (look < len && src[look] == '=') {
        /* Simple name.field = value
         * Previous implementation pushed (container, key) first and then evaluated value.
         * That relies on CALL preserving underlying stack entries. To be robust,
         * we first evaluate the value into a temporary local, then push (container, key),
         * then load the temporary and perform INDEX_SET.
         */

        /* Advance to after '=' and parse value into a temporary local */
        local_pos = look + 1;
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, &local_pos)) {
          parser_fail(local_pos, "Expected expression after '='");
          free(fname);
          free(name);
          return;
        }
        /* store value to a hidden temp local */
        int tmp_local = local_add("__assign_tmp");
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, tmp_local);

        /* Load container variable */
        if (lidx >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lidx);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gi);
        }
        /* Push key */
        int kci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string(fname));
        free(fname);
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, kci);

        /* Load value from temp and set */
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, tmp_local);
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_SET, 0);

        free(name);
        *pos = local_pos;
        skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);
        return;
      } else {
        /* Not an assignment: treat as expression statement (e.g., obj.method(...)) */
        free(fname);
        free(name);
        size_t expr_pos = stmt_start;
        if (emit_expression(bc, src, len, &expr_pos)) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_POP, 0);
        }
        *pos = expr_pos;
        skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);
        return;
      }
    }

    /* array element assignment: name[expr] = expr and nested: name[expr1][expr2] = expr */
    if (local_pos < len && src[local_pos] == '[') {
      /* load array/map variable */
      if (lidx >= 0) {
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lidx);
      } else {
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gi);
      }
      local_pos++; /* '[' */
      if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, &local_pos)) {
        parser_fail(local_pos, "Expected index expression after '['");
        free(name);
        return;
      }
      if (!consume_char(src, len, &local_pos, ']')) {
        parser_fail(local_pos, "Expected ']' after index");
        free(name);
        return;
      }
      skip_spaces(src, len, &local_pos);

      /* Nested index: name[expr1][expr2] = value */
      if (local_pos < len && src[local_pos] == '[') {
        /* Reduce base: stack currently has container, index1 -> get inner container */
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0);

        local_pos++; /* second '[' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, &local_pos)) {
          parser_fail(local_pos, "Expected nested index expression after '['");
          free(name);
          return;
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, &local_pos, ']')) {
          parser_fail(local_pos, "Expected ']' after nested index");
          free(name);
          return;
        }
        skip_spaces(src, len, &local_pos);
        if (local_pos >= len || src[local_pos] != '=') {
          parser_fail(local_pos, "Expected '=' after nested array index");
          free(name);
          return;
        }
        local_pos++; /* '=' */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, &local_pos)) {
          parser_fail(local_pos, "Expected expression after '='");
          free(name);
          return;
        }
        /* perform set into inner container */
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_SET, 0);
        free(name);
        *pos = local_pos;
        skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);
        return;
      }

      /* Single-level: name[expr] = value */
      if (local_pos >= len || src[local_pos] != '=') {
        parser_fail(local_pos, "Expected '=' after array index");
        free(name);
        return;
      }
      local_pos++; /* '=' */
      if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, &local_pos)) {
        parser_fail(local_pos, "Expected expression after '='");
        free(name);
        return;
      }
      /* perform set */
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_SET, 0);
      free(name);
      *pos = local_pos;
      skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);
      return;
    }

    free(name);
    if (local_pos < len && src[local_pos] == '=') {
      local_pos++; /* '=' */
      if (emit_expression(bc, src, len, &local_pos)) {
        /* enforce declared type if present (0 = dynamic) */
        int meta = 0;
        if (lidx >= 0 && g_locals) {
          meta = g_locals->types[lidx];
        } else if (gi >= 0) {
          meta = G.types[gi];
        }

        if (meta == TYPE_META_STRING) {
          /* expect String */
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_DUP, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TYPEOF, 0);
          int ciStr = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("String"));
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciStr);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_EQ, 0);
          int j_to_error = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
          int j_skip_err = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_to_error, bc->instr_count);
          {
            int ciMsg = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("TypeError: expected String"));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciMsg);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PRINT, 0);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_HALT, 0);
          }
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_skip_err, bc->instr_count);
        } else if (meta == TYPE_META_CLASS) {
          /* expect Class instance: Map with "__class" key */
          /* Check typeof(v) == "Map" */
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_DUP, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TYPEOF, 0);
          {
            int ciMap = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("Map"));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciMap);
          }
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_EQ, 0);
          int j_err1 = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
          /* Check v has "__class" */
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_DUP, 0);
          {
            int kci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("__class"));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, kci);
          }
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_HAS_KEY, 0);
          int j_err2 = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
          /* Success path jumps over error block */
          int j_ok = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);
          /* Error block */
          int err_lbl = bc->instr_count;
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_err1, err_lbl);
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_err2, err_lbl);
          {
            int ciMsg = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("TypeError: expected Class"));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciMsg);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PRINT, 0);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_HALT, 0);
          }
          /* Continue after checks */
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_ok, bc->instr_count);
        } else if (meta == TYPE_META_FLOAT) {
          /* expect Float */
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_DUP, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TYPEOF, 0);
          int ciF = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("Float"));
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciF);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_EQ, 0);
          int j_to_error = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
          int j_skip_err = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_to_error, bc->instr_count);
          {
            int ciMsg = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("TypeError: expected Float"));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciMsg);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PRINT, 0);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_HALT, 0);
          }
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_skip_err, bc->instr_count);
        } else if (meta == TYPE_META_ARRAY) {
          /* expect Array */
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_DUP, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TYPEOF, 0);
          int ciArr = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("Array"));
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciArr);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_EQ, 0);
          int j_to_error = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
          int j_skip_err = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_to_error, bc->instr_count);
          {
            int ciMsg = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("TypeError: expected Array"));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciMsg);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PRINT, 0);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_HALT, 0);
          }
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_skip_err, bc->instr_count);
        } else if (meta == TYPE_META_BOOLEAN) {
          /* expect Number then clamp to 1 bit (unsigned) */
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_DUP, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TYPEOF, 0);
          int ciNum = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("Number"));
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciNum);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_EQ, 0);
          int j_to_error = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
          int j_skip_err = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_to_error, bc->instr_count);
          {
            int ciMsg = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("TypeError: expected Number for boolean"));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciMsg);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PRINT, 0);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_HALT, 0);
          }
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_skip_err, bc->instr_count);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_UCLAMP, 1);
        } else if (meta == TYPE_META_NIL) {
          /* expect Nil */
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_DUP, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TYPEOF, 0);
          int ciNil = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("Nil"));
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciNil);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_EQ, 0);
          int j_to_error = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
          int j_skip_err = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_to_error, bc->instr_count);
          {
            int ciMsg = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("TypeError: expected Nil"));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciMsg);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PRINT, 0);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_HALT, 0);
          }
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_skip_err, bc->instr_count);
        } else if (meta != 0) {
          /* integer widths: expect Number then range-check to declared width */
          int abs_bits = meta < 0 ? -meta : meta;
          /* typeof == Number */
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_DUP, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TYPEOF, 0);
          int ciNum = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("Number"));
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciNum);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_EQ, 0);
          int j_to_error = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
          int j_skip_err = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_to_error, bc->instr_count);
          {
            int ciMsg = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_string("TypeError: expected Number"));
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ciMsg);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PRINT, 0);
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_HALT, 0);
          }
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, j_skip_err, bc->instr_count);

          if (abs_bits > 0) {
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, (meta < 0) ? OP_SCLAMP : OP_UCLAMP, abs_bits);
          }
        }
        /* dynamic (meta==0): no enforcement */

        if (lidx >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, lidx);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gi);
        }
      }
      *pos = local_pos;
      skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);
      return;
    } else {
      /* Treat as a generic expression-statement (e.g., method calls like obj.method(...),
         property access chains, or builtin calls behind wrappers). We rewind to the
         start of the statement, emit the full expression, and drop its result. */
      local_pos = *pos;
      if (emit_expression(bc, src, len, &local_pos)) {
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_POP, 0); /* discard return value of standalone expr */
        *pos = local_pos;
        skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);
        return;
      }
      /* if it wasn't a valid expression either, report a meaningful error */
      parser_fail(local_pos, "Expected assignment '=' or call '(...)' after identifier");
      return;
    }
  }

  /* fallback: print(expr) without identifier read (unlikely) */
  if (starts_with(src, len, *pos, "print")) {
    *pos += 5;
    skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
    (void)consume_char(src, len, pos, '(');
    if (emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
      (void)consume_char(src, len, pos, ')');
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_PRINT, 0);
    } else {
      (void)consume_char(src, len, pos, ')');
    }
    skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);
    return;
  }

  /* echo(expr): like print but does not add a newline (immediate output) */
  if (starts_with(src, len, *pos, "echo")) {
    *pos += 4;
    skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
    (void)consume_char(src, len, pos, '(');
    if (emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
      (void)consume_char(src, len, pos, ')');
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_ECHO, 0);
    } else {
      (void)consume_char(src, len, pos, ')');
    }
    skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);
    return;
  }

  /* unknown token: report error */
  parser_fail(*pos, "Unknown token at start of statement");
}

/* parse a block with lines at indentation >= current_indent; stop at dedent */
static void parse_block(Bytecode *bc, const char *src, size_t len, size_t *pos, int current_indent) {
  while (*pos < len) {
    if (g_has_error) return;
    size_t line_start = *pos; /* remember raw line start for dedent backtracking */
    int indent = 0;
    if (!read_line_start(src, len, pos, &indent)) {
      /* EOF or error */
      return;
    }
    if (indent < current_indent) {
      /* dedent -> let caller handle this line */
      *pos = line_start;
      return;
    }
    if (indent > current_indent) {
      /* nested block without a header (tolerate by parsing it and continuing) */
      parse_block(bc, src, len, pos, indent);
      continue;
    }

    /* at same indent -> parse statement */
    /* Insert a line marker for better runtime error reporting. Use the current
     * position (start of the actual statement) returned by read_line_start(),
     * not the pre-scan position which may point to a comment/blank line. */
    {
      int stmt_line = 1, stmt_col = 1;
      calc_line_col(src, len, *pos, &stmt_line, &stmt_col);
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LINE, stmt_line);
    }

    /* class definition -> factory function */
    if (starts_with(src, len, *pos, "class") && (*pos + 5 < len) && (src[*pos + 5] == ' ' || src[*pos + 5] == '\t')) {
      *pos += 5;
      skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
      /* class name */
      char *cname = NULL;
      if (!read_identifier_into(src, len, pos, &cname)) {
        parser_fail(*pos, "Expected class name after 'class'");
        return;
      }
      int cgi = sym_index(cname);

      /* optional extends Parent */
      char *parent_name = NULL;

      /* Optional typed parameter list: class Name(type ident, ...) */
      char *param_names[64];
      int param_kind[64];
      int pcount = 0;
      memset(param_names, 0, sizeof(param_names));
      memset(param_kind, 0, sizeof(param_kind));

/* kind: 1=Number (numeric types incl. boolean), 2=String, 3=Nil */
/* helper macro instead of nested function (C99 compliant) */
#define MAP_TYPE_KIND(t) (                                                                                                                                                                                                                      \
  ((t) && strcmp((t), "string") == 0) ? 2 : ((t) && strcmp((t), "nil") == 0)                                                                                                                                                                ? 3 \
                                          : ((t) && (strcmp((t), "boolean") == 0 || strcmp((t), "number") == 0 || strcmp((t), "byte") == 0 || strncmp((t), "uint", 4) == 0 || strncmp((t), "sint", 4) == 0 || strncmp((t), "int", 3) == 0)) ? 1 \
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            : 0)

      skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
      if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == '(') {
        (*pos)++;
        skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        if (*pos < len && src[*pos] != ')') {
          for (;;) {
            /* read type token */
            char *tname = NULL;
            if (!read_identifier_into(src, len, pos, &tname)) {
              parser_fail(*pos, "Expected type in class parameter list");
              free(cname);
              return;
            }
            /* read param name */
            skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
            char *pname = NULL;
            if (!read_identifier_into(src, len, pos, &pname)) {
              parser_fail(*pos, "Expected parameter name after type");
              free(tname);
              free(cname);
              return;
            }
            if (pcount >= (int)(sizeof(param_names) / sizeof(param_names[0]))) {
              parser_fail(*pos, "Too many class parameters");
              free(tname);
              free(pname);
              free(cname);
              return;
            }
            param_names[pcount] = pname;
            param_kind[pcount] = MAP_TYPE_KIND(tname);
            free(tname);
            pcount++;

            skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
            if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',') {
              (*pos)++;
              skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
              continue;
            }
            break;
          }
        }
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after class parameter list");
          for (int i = 0; i < pcount; ++i)
            free(param_names[i]);
          free(cname);
          return;
        }
      }

      /* optional 'extends Parent' after parameter list */
      skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
      if (starts_with(src, len, *pos, "extends")) {
        *pos += 7; /* consume 'extends' */
        skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        if (!read_identifier_into(src, len, pos, &parent_name)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected parent class name after 'extends'");
          for (int i = 0; i < pcount; ++i)
            free(param_names[i]);
          free(cname);
          return;
        }
      }

      /* end of class header line */
      skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);

      /* Build factory function: Name(...) -> instance map with fields and methods */
      Bytecode *ctor_bc = bytecode_new();
      /* set debug metadata for class factory */
      if (ctor_bc) {
        if (ctor_bc->name) free((void *)ctor_bc->name);
        ctor_bc->name = strdup(cname);
        if (ctor_bc->source_file) free((void *)ctor_bc->source_file);
        if (g_current_source_path) ctor_bc->source_file = strdup(g_current_source_path);
      }
      /* local env for the factory to allow temp locals */
      LocalEnv ctor_env;
      memset(&ctor_env, 0, sizeof(ctor_env));
      LocalEnv *prev_env = g_locals;
      g_locals = &ctor_env;

      /* track if _construct is defined in this class */
      int ctor_present = 0;

      /* Register parameter locals first so args land at 0..pcount-1 */
      for (int i = 0; i < pcount; ++i) {
        local_add(param_names[i]);
      }

      /* Guard local to detect extra argument at index == pcount */
      int l_extra = local_add("__extra");

      /* Runtime checks: missing args and type checks */
      for (int i = 0; i < pcount; ++i) {
        /* missing arg: local i must not be Nil */
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, i);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_TYPEOF, 0);
        int ci_nil = bytecode_add_constant(ctor_bc, make_string("Nil"));
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci_nil);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_EQ, 0);
        int j_ok_present = bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
        /* then -> error */
        {
          char msg[128];
          snprintf(msg, sizeof(msg), "TypeError: missing argument '%s' in %s()", param_names[i], cname);
          int ci_msg = bytecode_add_constant(ctor_bc, make_string(msg));
          bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci_msg);
          bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_PRINT, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_HALT, 0);
        }
        /* patch continue if present */
        bytecode_set_operand(ctor_bc, j_ok_present, ctor_bc->instr_count);

        /* type check for known kinds */
        int kind = param_kind[i];
        if (kind == 1 || kind == 2 || kind == 3) {
          /* typeof(local i) == Expected ? skip error : go to error */
          bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, i);
          bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_TYPEOF, 0);
          const char *exp = (kind == 1) ? "Number" : (kind == 2) ? "String"
                                                                 : "Nil";
          int ci_exp = bytecode_add_constant(ctor_bc, make_string(exp));
          bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci_exp);
          bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_EQ, 0);
          /* if false -> jump to error */
          int j_to_error = bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
          /* on success, skip error block */
          int j_skip_err = bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_JUMP, 0);
          /* error block */
          {
            int err_label = ctor_bc->instr_count;
            bytecode_set_operand(ctor_bc, j_to_error, err_label);
            char msg2[160];
            snprintf(msg2, sizeof(msg2), "TypeError: %s() expects %s for '%s'", cname, exp, param_names[i]);
            int ci_msg2 = bytecode_add_constant(ctor_bc, make_string(msg2));
            bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci_msg2);
            bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_PRINT, 0);
            bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_HALT, 0);
          }
          /* continue label after error block */
          bytecode_set_operand(ctor_bc, j_skip_err, ctor_bc->instr_count);
        }
      }

      /* Extra args check: guard local must be Nil; if not Nil -> error */
      {
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, l_extra);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_TYPEOF, 0);
        int ci_nil2 = bytecode_add_constant(ctor_bc, make_string("Nil"));
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci_nil2);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_EQ, 0);
        /* if false (not Nil) -> jump to error */
        int j_to_error = bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
        /* if true (Nil) -> skip error */
        int j_skip_err = bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_JUMP, 0);
        {
          int err_label = ctor_bc->instr_count;
          bytecode_set_operand(ctor_bc, j_to_error, err_label);
          char msg3[128];
          snprintf(msg3, sizeof(msg3), "TypeError: %s() received too many arguments", cname);
          int ci_msg3 = bytecode_add_constant(ctor_bc, make_string(msg3));
          bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci_msg3);
          bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_PRINT, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_HALT, 0);
        }
        bytecode_set_operand(ctor_bc, j_skip_err, ctor_bc->instr_count);
      }

      /* instance map: __this = {} (placed after param guard) */
      int l_this = local_add("__this");
      bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_MAKE_MAP, 0);
      bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, l_this);

      /* tag instance with its class name: this["__class"] = "<ClassName>" */
      bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, l_this);
      {
        int kci_cls = bytecode_add_constant(ctor_bc, make_string("__class"));
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, kci_cls);
        int vci_cls = bytecode_add_constant(ctor_bc, make_string(cname));
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, vci_cls);
      }
      bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_INDEX_SET, 0);

      /* Inheritance: if extends Parent, create Parent(header args...) and merge its keys into this */
      if (parent_name) {
        /* parent_inst = Parent(args...) */
        int parent_gi = sym_index(parent_name);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, parent_gi);
        for (int i = 0; i < pcount; ++i) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, i);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_CALL, pcount);
        int l_parent = local_add("__parent_inst");
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, l_parent);

        /* keys = keys(parent_inst) */
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, l_parent);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_KEYS, 0);
        int l_keys = local_add("__parent_keys");
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, l_keys);

        /* i = 0 */
        int c0_inh = bytecode_add_constant(ctor_bc, make_int(0));
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, c0_inh);
        int l_i = local_add("__inh_i");
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, l_i);

        /* loop: while (i < len(keys)) */
        int loop_start = ctor_bc->instr_count;
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, l_i);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, l_keys);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LEN, 0);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LT, 0);
        int jmp_false = bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);

        /* key = keys[i] */
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, l_keys);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, l_i);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0);
        int l_k = local_add("__inh_k");
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, l_k);

        /* if this has key -> skip set */
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, l_this);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, l_k);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_HAS_KEY, 0);
        int j_skip_set = bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
        /* has key -> nothing to do, jump over set sequence */
        int j_after_maybe_set = bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_JUMP, 0);

        /* not has key: set this[key] = parent_inst[key] */
        bytecode_set_operand(ctor_bc, j_skip_set, ctor_bc->instr_count);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, l_this);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, l_k);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, l_parent);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, l_k);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_INDEX_SET, 0);

        /* continue after maybe-set */
        bytecode_set_operand(ctor_bc, j_after_maybe_set, ctor_bc->instr_count);

        /* i++ */
        int c1_inh = bytecode_add_constant(ctor_bc, make_int(1));
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, l_i);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, c1_inh);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_ADD, 0);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, l_i);

        /* back to loop */
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_JUMP, loop_start);
        /* end loop */
        bytecode_set_operand(ctor_bc, jmp_false, ctor_bc->instr_count);
      }

      /* Parse class body at increased indent */
      int body_indent = 0;
      size_t look_body = *pos;
      if (read_line_start(src, len, &look_body, &body_indent) && body_indent > current_indent) {
        /* iterate over class members at body_indent */
        for (;;) {
          size_t member_line_start = *pos;
          int member_indent = 0;
          if (!read_line_start(src, len, pos, &member_indent)) {
            /* EOF */
            break;
          }
          if (member_indent < body_indent) {
            /* end of class body */
            *pos = member_line_start;
            break;
          }
          if (member_indent > body_indent) {
            /* skip nested blocks that are part of previous method parsing */
            parse_block(ctor_bc, src, len, pos, member_indent);
            continue;
          }

          /* at body_indent: member declaration (field = expr) or method 'fun name(...)' */
          if (starts_with(src, len, *pos, "fun")) {
            /* method definition: fun m(this, ...) ... */
            *pos += 3;
            skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
            char *mname = NULL;
            if (!read_identifier_into(src, len, pos, &mname)) {
              parser_fail(*pos, "Expected method name after 'fun' in class");
              g_locals = prev_env;
              free(cname);
              return;
            }
            int is_ctor_method = (strcmp(mname, "_construct") == 0);

            skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
            if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, '(')) {
              parser_fail(*pos, "Expected '(' after method name");
              free(mname);
              g_locals = prev_env;
              free(cname);
              return;
            }

            /* Build method function bytecode */
            Bytecode *m_bc = bytecode_new();
            if (m_bc) {
              if (m_bc->name) free((void *)m_bc->name);
              /* method qualified name: Class.method */
              size_t qlen = strlen(cname) + 1 + strlen(mname) + 1;
              char *q = (char *)malloc(qlen);
              if (q) {
                snprintf(q, qlen, "%s.%s", cname, mname);
                m_bc->name = q;
              }
              if (m_bc->source_file) free((void *)m_bc->source_file);
              if (g_current_source_path) m_bc->source_file = strdup(g_current_source_path);
            }
            LocalEnv m_env;
            memset(&m_env, 0, sizeof(m_env));
            LocalEnv *saved = g_locals;
            g_locals = &m_env;

            /* Parse params, ensure first is 'this' (insert if missing) */
            int saw_param = 0;
            int param_count = 0;
            skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
            if (*pos < len && src[*pos] != ')') {
              for (;;) {
                char *pname = NULL;
                if (!read_identifier_into(src, len, pos, &pname)) {
                  parser_fail(*pos, "Expected parameter name");
                  free(mname);
                  g_locals = saved;
                  g_locals = prev_env;
                  free(cname);
                  return;
                }
                if (param_count == 0 && strcmp(pname, "this") != 0) {
                  /* Require explicit 'this' as first parameter */
                  if (is_ctor_method) {
                    parser_fail(*pos, "Constructor '_construct' must declare 'this' as its first parameter");
                  } else {
                    parser_fail(*pos, "First parameter of a method must be 'this'");
                  }
                  free(pname);
                  free(mname);
                  g_locals = saved;
                  g_locals = prev_env;
                  free(cname);
                  return;
                }
                local_add(pname);
                free(pname);
                param_count++;
                skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
                if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',') {
                  (*pos)++;
                  skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
                  continue;
                }
                break;
              }
            } else {
              /* no params: enforce (this) */
              if (is_ctor_method) {
                parser_fail(*pos, "Constructor '_construct' must declare 'this' as its first parameter");
              } else {
                parser_fail(*pos, "Method must declare at least 'this' parameter");
              }
              free(mname);
              g_locals = saved;
              g_locals = prev_env;
              free(cname);
              return;
            }

            if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
              parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after method parameter list");
              free(mname);
              g_locals = saved;
              g_locals = prev_env;
              free(cname);
              return;
            }
            /* end header line */
            skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);

            /* parse method body at increased indent */
            int m_body_indent = 0;
            size_t look_m = *pos;
            if (read_line_start(src, len, &look_m, &m_body_indent) && m_body_indent > body_indent) {
              parse_block(m_bc, src, len, pos, m_body_indent);
            } else {
              /* empty method body allowed -> return */
            }
            /* ensure return */
            bytecode_add_instruction(m_bc, OP_RETURN, 0);

            /* restore env to factory */
            g_locals = saved;

            /* Insert method function into instance: this["mname"] = <function> */
            bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, l_this);
            int kci = bytecode_add_constant(ctor_bc, make_string(mname));
            bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, kci);
            int mci = bytecode_add_constant(ctor_bc, make_function(m_bc));
            bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, mci);
            bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_INDEX_SET, 0);

            /* mark constructor presence if name matches */
            if (strcmp(mname, "_construct") == 0) {
              ctor_present = 1;
            }

            free(mname);
            continue;
          }

          /* field initializer: ident = expr */
          size_t lp = *pos;
          char *fname = NULL;
          if (!read_identifier_into(src, len, &lp, &fname)) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "Expected field or 'fun' in class body");
            g_locals = prev_env;
            free(cname);
            return;
          }
          size_t tmp = lp;
          skip_spaces(src, len, &tmp);
          if (tmp >= len || src[tmp] != '=') {
            free(fname);
            parser_fail(tmp, "Expected '=' in field initializer");
            g_locals = prev_env;
            free(cname);
            return;
          }
          /* commit position and consume '=' */
          *pos = tmp + 1;
          /* emit: this["fname"] = (expr) */
          bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, l_this);
          int fkey = bytecode_add_constant(ctor_bc, make_string(fname));
          bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, fkey);
          free(fname);
          if (!emit_expression(ctor_bc, src, len, pos)) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "Expected expression in field initializer");
            g_locals = prev_env;
            free(cname);
            return;
          }
          bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_INDEX_SET, 0);
          /* end of line */
          skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);
        }
      } else {
        /* empty class body allowed */
      }

      /* Override defaults with constructor parameters: this["name"] = local i */
      for (int i = 0; i < pcount; ++i) {
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, l_this);
        int kci = bytecode_add_constant(ctor_bc, make_string(param_names[i]));
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, kci);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, i);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_INDEX_SET, 0);
      }

      /* If a constructor exists, invoke: this._construct(this, params...) and drop its return */
      if (ctor_present) {
        /* fetch method: duplicate 'this' so we keep it for the call */
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, l_this);
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_DUP, 0); /* -> this, this */
        {
          int kci_ctor = bytecode_add_constant(ctor_bc, make_string("_construct"));
          bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, kci_ctor);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0); /* -> this, func */
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_SWAP, 0);      /* -> func, this */

        /* push all header parameters as additional args in order */
        for (int i = 0; i < pcount; ++i) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, i);
        }
        /* call with implicit 'this' (+1) plus pcount params */
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_CALL, pcount + 1);
        /* discard any return value from constructor */
        bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_POP, 0);
      }

      /* return instance */
      bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, l_this);
      bytecode_add_instruction(ctor_bc, OP_RETURN, 0);

      /* restore outer locals env */
      g_locals = prev_env;

      /* bind factory function globally under class name */
      int cci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_function(ctor_bc));
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, cci);
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, cgi);
      /* mark this global as a class for typeof(identifier) */
      G.is_class[cgi] = 1;

      for (int i = 0; i < pcount; ++i)
        free(param_names[i]);
      if (parent_name) free(parent_name);
      free(cname);
      continue;
    }

    if (starts_with(src, len, *pos, "fun") && (*pos + 3 < len) && (src[*pos + 3] == ' ' || src[*pos + 3] == '\t')) {
      /* parse header: fun name(arg, ...) */
      *pos += 3;
      skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
      char *fname = NULL;
      if (!read_identifier_into(src, len, pos, &fname)) {
        parser_fail(*pos, "Expected function name after 'fun'");
        return;
      }
      int fgi = sym_index(fname);
      skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
      if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, '(')) {
        parser_fail(*pos, "Expected '(' after function name");
        free(fname);
        return;
      }

      /* build locals from parameters */
      LocalEnv env = {{0}, 0};
      LocalEnv *prev = g_locals;
      g_locals = &env;

      skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
      if (*pos < len && src[*pos] != ')') {
        for (;;) {
          char *pname = NULL;
          if (!read_identifier_into(src, len, pos, &pname)) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "Expected parameter name");
            g_locals = prev;
            free(fname);
            return;
          }
          if (local_find(pname) >= 0) {
            parser_fail(*pos, "Duplicate parameter name '%s'", pname);
            free(pname);
            g_locals = prev;
            free(fname);
            return;
          }
          local_add(pname);
          free(pname);
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
          if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == ',') {
            (*pos)++;
            skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
            continue;
          }
          break;
        }
      }
      if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
        parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after parameter list");
        g_locals = prev;
        free(fname);
        return;
      }
      /* end header line */
      skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);

      /* compile body into separate Bytecode */
      Bytecode *fn_bc = bytecode_new();
      if (fn_bc) {
        if (fn_bc->name) free((void *)fn_bc->name);
        fn_bc->name = strdup(fname);
        if (fn_bc->source_file) free((void *)fn_bc->source_file);
        if (g_current_source_path) fn_bc->source_file = strdup(g_current_source_path);
      }

      /* parse body at increased indent if present */
      int body_indent = 0;
      size_t look_body = *pos;
      if (read_line_start(src, len, &look_body, &body_indent) && body_indent > current_indent) {
        /* do not advance pos here; let parse_block consume the line */
        parse_block(fn_bc, src, len, pos, body_indent);
      } else {
        /* empty body: ok */
      }
      /* ensure function returns */
      bytecode_add_instruction(fn_bc, OP_RETURN, 0);

#ifdef FUN_DEBUG
      /* DEBUG: dump compiled function bytecode (guarded by runtime env) */
      if (fun_debug_enabled()) {
        printf("=== compiled function %s (%d params) ===\n", fname, env.count);
        bytecode_dump(fn_bc);
        printf("=== end function %s ===\n", fname);
      }
#endif

      /* bind function to global: LOAD_CONST <fn> ; STORE_GLOBAL fgi */
      int fci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_function(fn_bc));
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, fci);
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, fgi);

      g_locals = prev;
      free(fname);
      continue;
    }

    /* for-sugar:
     *   - for <ident> in range(a, b)
     *   - for <ident> in <array-expr>
     *   - for (<keyIdent>, <valIdent>) in <map-expr>
     */
    if (starts_with(src, len, *pos, "for")) {
      *pos += 3;
      skip_spaces(src, len, pos);

      /* Optional tuple '(k, v)' for map iteration */
      int tuple_mode = 0; /* 0 = single var, 1 = (k,v) */
      char *ivar = NULL;      /* single variable name OR key variable when tuple */
      char *vvar = NULL;      /* value variable when tuple */

      if (*pos < len && src[*pos] == '(') {
        /* Parse '(k, v)' */
        (*pos)++;
        skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        if (!read_identifier_into(src, len, pos, &ivar)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected identifier after '(' in for tuple");
          return;
        }
        skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ',')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ',' between key and value in for tuple");
          free(ivar);
          return;
        }
        skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        if (!read_identifier_into(src, len, pos, &vvar)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected value identifier after ',' in for tuple");
          free(ivar);
          return;
        }
        skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' to close for tuple");
          free(ivar);
          free(vvar);
          return;
        }
        tuple_mode = 1;
      } else {
        /* loop variable name */
        if (!read_identifier_into(src, len, pos, &ivar)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected loop variable after 'for'");
          return;
        }
      }

      skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
      if (!starts_with(src, len, *pos, "in")) {
        parser_fail(*pos, "Expected 'in' after loop variable");
        free(ivar);
        return;
      }
      *pos += 2;
      skip_spaces(src, len, pos);

      if (starts_with(src, len, *pos, "range")) {
        /* ===== range(a, b) variant ===== */
        *pos += 5;
        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, '(')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected '(' after range");
          free(ivar);
          return;
        }

        /* Parse start expression */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected start expression in range");
          free(ivar);
          return;
        }

        /* Determine loop variable storage and store start value */
        int lidx = local_find(ivar);
        int gi = -1;
        if (lidx < 0) {
          if (g_locals)
            lidx = local_add(ivar);
          else
            gi = sym_index(ivar);
        }
        if (lidx >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, lidx);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gi);
        }

        /* comma */
        skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        if (*pos >= len || src[*pos] != ',') {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ',' between range start and end");
          free(ivar);
          return;
        }
        (*pos)++; /* consume ',' */
        skip_spaces(src, len, pos);

        /* Parse end expression and store in a temp (local or global) */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected end expression in range");
          free(ivar);
          return;
        }

        char tmpname[64];
        snprintf(tmpname, sizeof(tmpname), "__for_end_%d", g_temp_counter++);

        int lend = -1, gend = -1;
        if (g_locals) {
          lend = local_add(tmpname);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, lend);
        } else {
          gend = sym_index(tmpname);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gend);
        }

        if (!consume_char(src, len, pos, ')')) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected ')' after range arguments");
          free(ivar);
          return;
        }

        /* end of header line */
        skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);

        /* emit loop */
        int loop_start = bc->instr_count;

        /* condition: ivar < end_tmp */
        if (lidx >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lidx);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gi);
        }
        if (lend >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lend);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gend);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LT, 0);
        int jmp_false = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);

        /* enter loop context for break/continue */
        LoopCtx ctx = {{0}, 0, {0}, 0, g_loop_ctx};
        g_loop_ctx = &ctx;

        /* parse body at increased indent (peek) */
        int body_indent = 0;
        size_t look_body = *pos;
        if (read_line_start(src, len, &look_body, &body_indent) && body_indent > current_indent) {
          parse_block(bc, src, len, pos, body_indent);
        } else {
          /* empty body ok */
        }

        /* continue target: start of increment */
        int cont_label = bc->instr_count;

        /* i = i + 1 */
        int c1 = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(1));
        if (lidx >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lidx);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, c1);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_ADD, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, lidx);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gi);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, c1);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_ADD, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gi);
        }

        /* back edge and patch */
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, loop_start);

        /* end label (after loop) */
        int end_label = bc->instr_count;
        bytecode_set_operand(bc, jmp_false, end_label);

        /* patch continue/break jumps */
        for (int bi = 0; bi < ctx.cont_count; ++bi) {
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, ctx.continue_jumps[bi], cont_label);
        }
        for (int bi = 0; bi < ctx.break_count; ++bi) {
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, ctx.break_jumps[bi], end_label);
        }
        g_loop_ctx = ctx.prev;

        free(ivar);
        continue;
      } else if (!tuple_mode) {
        /* ===== array iteration: for ivar in <expr> ===== */
        /* Evaluate the iterable once and store in a temp */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected iterable expression after 'in'");
          free(ivar);
          return;
        }
        char arrname[64];
        snprintf(arrname, sizeof(arrname), "__for_arr_%d", g_temp_counter++);
        int larr = -1, garr = -1;
        if (g_locals) {
          larr = local_add(arrname);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, larr);
        } else {
          garr = sym_index(arrname);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, garr);
        }

        /* Compute length once: len(arr) -> store temp */
        if (larr >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, larr);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, garr);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LEN, 0);
        char lenname[64];
        snprintf(lenname, sizeof(lenname), "__for_len_%d", g_temp_counter++);
        int llen = -1, glen = -1;
        if (g_locals) {
          llen = local_add(lenname);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, llen);
        } else {
          glen = sym_index(lenname);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, glen);
        }

        /* Index temp: i = 0 */
        int c0 = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(0));
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, c0);
        char iname[64];
        snprintf(iname, sizeof(iname), "__for_i_%d", g_temp_counter++);
        int li = -1, gi = -1;
        if (g_locals) {
          li = local_add(iname);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, li);
        } else {
          gi = sym_index(iname);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gi);
        }

        /* end of header line */
        skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);

        /* loop start label */
        int loop_start = bc->instr_count;

        /* condition: i < len */
        if (li >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, li);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gi);
        }
        if (llen >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, llen);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, glen);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LT, 0);
        int jmp_false = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);

        /* element: ivar = arr[i] */
        if (larr >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, larr);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, garr);
        }
        if (li >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, li);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gi);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0);

        /* assign to ivar (local preferred) */
        int ldst = local_find(ivar);
        int gdst = -1;
        if (ldst < 0) {
          if (g_locals)
            ldst = local_add(ivar);
          else
            gdst = sym_index(ivar);
        }
        if (ldst >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, ldst);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gdst);
        }

        /* enter loop context for break/continue */
        LoopCtx ctx = {{0}, 0, {0}, 0, g_loop_ctx};
        g_loop_ctx = &ctx;

        /* parse body at increased indent */
        int body_indent = 0;
        size_t look_body = *pos;
        if (read_line_start(src, len, &look_body, &body_indent) && body_indent > current_indent) {
          parse_block(bc, src, len, pos, body_indent);
        } else {
          /* empty body ok */
        }

        /* continue target: start of increment */
        int cont_label = bc->instr_count;

        /* i = i + 1 */
        int c1 = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(1));
        if (li >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, li);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, c1);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_ADD, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, li);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gi);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, c1);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_ADD, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gi);
        }

        /* back edge and patch */
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, loop_start);

        /* end label (after loop) */
        int end_label = bc->instr_count;
        bytecode_set_operand(bc, jmp_false, end_label);

        /* patch continue/break jumps */
        for (int bi = 0; bi < ctx.cont_count; ++bi) {
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, ctx.continue_jumps[bi], cont_label);
        }
        for (int bi = 0; bi < ctx.break_count; ++bi) {
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, ctx.break_jumps[bi], end_label);
        }
        g_loop_ctx = ctx.prev;

        free(ivar);
        continue;
      } else {
        /* ===== map iteration with tuple: for (k, v) in <expr> ===== */
        /* Evaluate the map expr once: store in temp */
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Expected map expression after 'in'");
          free(ivar);
          free(vvar);
          return;
        }
        char mapname[64];
        snprintf(mapname, sizeof(mapname), "__for_map_%d", g_temp_counter++);
        int lmap = -1, gmap = -1;
        if (g_locals) {
          lmap = local_add(mapname);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, lmap);
        } else {
          gmap = sym_index(mapname);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gmap);
        }

        /* keys = keys(map) */
        if (lmap >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lmap);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gmap);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_KEYS, 0);
        char keysname[64];
        snprintf(keysname, sizeof(keysname), "__for_keys_%d", g_temp_counter++);
        int lkeys = -1, gkeys = -1;
        if (g_locals) {
          lkeys = local_add(keysname);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, lkeys);
        } else {
          gkeys = sym_index(keysname);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gkeys);
        }

        /* len(keys) */
        if (lkeys >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lkeys);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gkeys);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LEN, 0);
        char lenname[64];
        snprintf(lenname, sizeof(lenname), "__for_klen_%d", g_temp_counter++);
        int llen = -1, glen = -1;
        if (g_locals) {
          llen = local_add(lenname);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, llen);
        } else {
          glen = sym_index(lenname);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, glen);
        }

        /* i = 0 */
        int c0m = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(0));
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, c0m);
        char iname[64];
        snprintf(iname, sizeof(iname), "__for_ki_%d", g_temp_counter++);
        int li = -1, gi = -1;
        if (g_locals) {
          li = local_add(iname);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, li);
        } else {
          gi = sym_index(iname);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gi);
        }

        /* end of header line */
        skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);

        /* loop start */
        int loop_start = bc->instr_count;
        /* condition: i < len */
        if (li >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, li);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gi);
        }
        if (llen >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, llen);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, glen);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LT, 0);
        int jmp_false = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);

        /* key = keys[i] */
        if (lkeys >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lkeys);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gkeys);
        }
        if (li >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, li);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gi);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0);

        /* assign to key variable (ivar) */
        int lk = local_find(ivar);
        int gk = -1;
        if (lk < 0) {
          if (g_locals)
            lk = local_add(ivar);
          else
            gk = sym_index(ivar);
        }
        if (lk >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, lk);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gk);
        }

        /* value = map[key] */
        if (lmap >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lmap);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gmap);
        }
        /* load key again */
        if (lk >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, lk);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gk);
        }
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_INDEX_GET, 0);

        /* assign to value variable (vvar) */
        int lv = local_find(vvar);
        int gv = -1;
        if (lv < 0) {
          if (g_locals)
            lv = local_add(vvar);
          else
            gv = sym_index(vvar);
        }
        if (lv >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, lv);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gv);
        }

        /* enter loop context */
        LoopCtx ctx = {{0}, 0, {0}, 0, g_loop_ctx};
        g_loop_ctx = &ctx;

        /* body */
        int body_indent = 0;
        size_t look_body = *pos;
        if (read_line_start(src, len, &look_body, &body_indent) && body_indent > current_indent) {
          parse_block(bc, src, len, pos, body_indent);
        } else {
          /* empty body ok */
        }

        /* continue target: i = i + 1 */
        int cont_label = bc->instr_count;
        int c1m = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(1));
        if (li >= 0) {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_LOCAL, li);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, c1m);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_ADD, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, li);
        } else {
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_GLOBAL, gi);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, c1m);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_ADD, 0);
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gi);
        }

        /* back edge */
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, loop_start);

        /* end label */
        int end_label = bc->instr_count;
        bytecode_set_operand(bc, jmp_false, end_label);

        /* patch continue/break */
        for (int bi = 0; bi < ctx.cont_count; ++bi) {
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, ctx.continue_jumps[bi], cont_label);
        }
        for (int bi = 0; bi < ctx.break_count; ++bi) {
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, ctx.break_jumps[bi], end_label);
        }
        g_loop_ctx = ctx.prev;

        free(ivar);
        free(vvar);
        continue;
      }
    }

    if (starts_with(src, len, *pos, "if")) {
      int end_jumps[64];
      int end_count = 0;

      for (;;) {
        /* consume 'if' or 'else if' condition */
        if (starts_with(src, len, *pos, "if")) {
          *pos += 2;
        } else {
          /* for 'else if' we arrive here with *pos already after 'if' */
        }

        /* require at least one space before condition if present */
        skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
        if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
          /* no condition -> treat as false */
          int ci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(0));
          bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci);
        }

        /* Decide between inline single-statement and indented block on next line */
        size_t ppeek = *pos;
        /* skip spaces after condition */
        while (ppeek < len && src[ppeek] == ' ')
          ppeek++;
        int inline_stmt = 0;
        if (ppeek < len) {
          if (src[ppeek] == '\r' || src[ppeek] == '\n') {
            inline_stmt = 0; /* EOL -> no inline body */
          } else if (ppeek + 1 < len && src[ppeek] == '/' && src[ppeek + 1] == '/') {
            inline_stmt = 0; /* line comment -> no inline body */
          } else if (ppeek + 1 < len && src[ppeek] == '/' && src[ppeek + 1] == '*') {
            inline_stmt = 0; /* block comment at EOL -> no inline body */
          } else {
            inline_stmt = 1; /* there's code after condition on same line */
          }
        }

        /* conditional jump over this clause's inline/body */
        int jmp_false = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);

        if (inline_stmt) {
          /* Compile a single inline statement on the same line:
             if (cond) <statement> */
          *pos = ppeek;
          parse_simple_statement(bc, src, len, pos);
          /* Skip the inline body when condition is false */
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, jmp_false, bc->instr_count);
          /* one-liner form has no else/elseif on the same line; end the chain */
          break;
        }

        /* No inline statement on this line: consume up to EOL and parse indented block or else-if/else */
        skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);

        /* parse nested block if next line is indented */
        int next_indent = 0;
        size_t look_next = *pos;
        if (read_line_start(src, len, &look_next, &next_indent)) {
          if (next_indent > current_indent) {
            /* parse body at increased indent (let parse_block consume the line) */
            parse_block(bc, src, len, pos, next_indent);
          } else {
            /* empty body; keep *pos at start of that line */
          }
        } else {
          /* EOF -> empty body */
        }

        /* after body, unconditionally jump to end of the whole chain */
        int jmp_end = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);
        if (end_count < (int)(sizeof(end_jumps) / sizeof(end_jumps[0]))) {
          end_jumps[end_count++] = jmp_end;
        } else {
          parser_fail(*pos, "Too many chained else/if clauses");
          return;
        }

        /* patch false-jump target to start of next clause (or fallthrough) */
        bytecode_set_operand(bc, jmp_false, bc->instr_count);

        /* look for else or else if at the same indentation */
        size_t look = *pos;
        int look_indent = 0;
        if (!read_line_start(src, len, &look, &look_indent)) {
          /* EOF: break and patch end jumps */
          break;
        }
        if (look_indent != current_indent) {
          /* dedent or deeper indent means no 'else' clause here */
          break;
        }
        if (starts_with(src, len, look, "else")) {
          /* consume 'else' */
          *pos = look + 4;
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);

          if (starts_with(src, len, *pos, "if")) {
            /* else if -> consume 'if' token and continue loop to parse condition */
            *pos += 2;
            continue;
          } else {
            /* plain else: parse its block and finish the chain */
            skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);
            int else_indent = 0;
            size_t look_else = *pos;
            if (read_line_start(src, len, &look_else, &else_indent) && else_indent > current_indent) {
              /* let parse_block consume the line */
              parse_block(bc, src, len, pos, else_indent);
            } else {
              /* empty else-body */
            }
            /* end of chain after else */
            break;
          }
        } else {
          /* next line is not an else/else if */
          break;
        }
      }

      /* patch all end-of-clause jumps to the end of the chain */
      for (int i = 0; i < end_count; ++i) {
        bytecode_set_operand(bc, end_jumps[i], bc->instr_count);
      }
      continue;
    }

    /* while loop */
    if (starts_with(src, len, *pos, "while")) {
      *pos += 5;
      skip_spaces(src, len, pos);

      int loop_start = bc->instr_count;

      /* condition */
      if (!emit_expression(bc, src, len, pos)) {
        int ci = bytecode_add_constant(bc, make_int(0));
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_LOAD_CONST, ci);
      }
      /* end of condition */
      skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);

      /* jump over body if false */
      int jmp_false = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);

      /* enter loop context (continue -> condition) */
      LoopCtx ctx = {{0}, 0, {0}, 0, g_loop_ctx};
      g_loop_ctx = &ctx;

      /* parse body at increased indent (peek indent without advancing pos) */
      int body_indent = 0;
      size_t look_body = *pos;
      if (read_line_start(src, len, &look_body, &body_indent) && body_indent > current_indent) {
        parse_block(bc, src, len, pos, body_indent);
      } else {
        /* empty body allowed */
      }

      /* patch pending continues to loop_start (re-evaluate condition) */
      for (int bi = 0; bi < ctx.cont_count; ++bi) {
        bytecode_set_operand(bc, ctx.continue_jumps[bi], loop_start);
      }

      /* back edge to loop start */
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, loop_start);

      /* end label and patches */
      int end_label = bc->instr_count;
      bytecode_set_operand(bc, jmp_false, end_label);
      for (int bi = 0; bi < ctx.break_count; ++bi) {
        bytecode_set_operand(bc, ctx.break_jumps[bi], end_label);
      }
      g_loop_ctx = ctx.prev;
      continue;
    }

    /* try/catch/finally */
    if (starts_with(src, len, *pos, "try")) {
      /* consume 'try' */
      *pos += 3;
      /* end of header line */
      skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);

      /* Install a handler placeholder; will be patched to catch label (or a rethrow stub) */
      int try_push_idx = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TRY_PUSH, 0);

      /* parse try body at increased indent (if any) */
      int try_body_indent = 0;
      size_t look_try = *pos;
      if (read_line_start(src, len, &look_try, &try_body_indent) && try_body_indent > current_indent) {
        parse_block(bc, src, len, pos, try_body_indent);
      } else {
        /* empty try body allowed */
      }

      /* After try body, pop handler for normal (non-exceptional) flow */
      bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_TRY_POP, 0);

      /* on normal completion, jump over catch body */
      int jmp_over_catch_finally = bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_JUMP, 0);

      /* Optional: catch and/or finally clauses at same indentation */
      int seen_catch = 0;
      int seen_finally = 0;
      int catch_label = -1;
      for (;;) {
        size_t look = *pos;
        int look_indent = 0;
        if (!read_line_start(src, len, &look, &look_indent)) break; /* EOF */
        if (look_indent != current_indent) break;                   /* different indentation -> stop */

        if (!seen_catch && starts_with(src, len, look, "catch")) {
          /* consume 'catch' */
          *pos = look + 5;
          /* optional variable name */
          skip_spaces(src, len, pos);
          char *ex_name = NULL;
          size_t tmp = *pos;
          int have_name = 0;
          if (read_identifier_into(src, len, &tmp, &ex_name)) {
            *pos = tmp;
            have_name = 1;
          }
          /* end of header line */
          skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);

          /* Mark catch label and patch try handler target */
          catch_label = bc->instr_count;
          bytecode_set_operand(bc, try_push_idx, catch_label);

          /* On entering catch, the thrown error is on stack. Bind to name if provided, else pop. */
          if (have_name) {
            int lidx = -1, gi = -1;
            if (g_locals) {
              int existing = local_find(ex_name);
              if (existing >= 0)
                lidx = existing;
              else
                lidx = local_add(ex_name);
            } else {
              gi = sym_index(ex_name);
            }
            if (lidx >= 0)
              bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_LOCAL, lidx);
            else if (gi >= 0)
              bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_STORE_GLOBAL, gi);
            else
              bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_POP, 0);
          } else {
            bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_POP, 0);
          }
          if (ex_name) free(ex_name);

          /* parse catch body at increased indent (if any) */
          int catch_indent = 0;
          size_t look_catch = *pos;
          if (read_line_start(src, len, &look_catch, &catch_indent) && catch_indent > current_indent) {
            parse_block(bc, src, len, pos, catch_indent);
          } else {
            /* empty catch body allowed */
          }
          seen_catch = 1;
          continue;
        }

        if (!seen_finally && starts_with(src, len, look, "finally")) {
          /* consume 'finally' */
          *pos = look + 7;
          /* end of header line */
          skip_to_eol(src, len, pos);

          /* parse finally body at increased indent (if any) */
          int finally_indent = 0;
          size_t look_fin = *pos;
          if (read_line_start(src, len, &look_fin, &finally_indent) && finally_indent > current_indent) {
            parse_block(bc, src, len, pos, finally_indent);
          } else {
            /* empty finally body allowed */
          }

          seen_finally = 1;
          continue;
        }

        /* no recognized clause at this indentation */
        break;
      }

      /* If no catch clause was present, make handler rethrow */
      if (!seen_catch) {
        int rethrow_label = bc->instr_count;
        bytecode_set_operand(bc, try_push_idx, rethrow_label);
        /* at handler: immediately rethrow the incoming error */
        bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_THROW, 0);
      }

      /* patch normal-flow jump to here (after catch/finally) */
      bytecode_set_operand(bc, jmp_over_catch_finally, bc->instr_count);
      continue;
    }

    /* otherwise: simple statement on this line */
    parse_simple_statement(bc, src, len, pos);
  }
}

static Bytecode *compile_minimal(const char *src, size_t len) {
  Bytecode *bc = bytecode_new();
  size_t pos = 0;

  /* Refresh namespace alias table for this compilation unit */
  ns_aliases_reset();
  ns_aliases_scan(src, len);

  skip_shebang_if_present(src, len, &pos);

  /* Allow top-of-file function definitions; do not skip any leading 'fun' line */
  skip_comments(src, len, &pos);
  skip_ws(src, len, &pos);

  /* parse the top-level block at indent 0 */
  parse_block(bc, src, len, &pos, 0);

  bytecode_add_instruction(bc, OP_HALT, 0);
  return bc;
}

Bytecode *parse_file_to_bytecode(const char *path) {
  size_t len = 0;
  char *src = read_file_all(path, &len);
  if (!src) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Error: cannot read file: %s\n", path);
    return NULL;
  }

  /* Preprocess includes before compiling */
  char *prep = preprocess_includes(src);
  const char *compile_src = prep ? prep : src;
  size_t compile_len = strlen(compile_src);

  /* reset error state */
  g_has_error = 0;
  g_err_pos = 0;
  g_err_msg[0] = '\0';
  g_err_line = 0;
  g_err_col = 0;

  /* Set current source path for nested bytecodes to inherit */
  const char *prev_source = g_current_source_path;
  g_current_source_path = path;
  Bytecode *bc = compile_minimal(compile_src, compile_len);
  /* assign debug metadata to module bytecode */
  if (bc) {
    if (bc->source_file) free((void *)bc->source_file);
    bc->source_file = path ? strdup(path) : strdup("<input>");
    if (bc->name) free((void *)bc->name);
    /* derive name from basename of path */
    const char *bn = path ? strrchr(path, '/') : NULL;
    const char *base = bn ? bn + 1 : (path ? path : "<input>");
    bc->name = strdup(base);
  }
  /* restore previous */
  g_current_source_path = prev_source;

  if (g_has_error) {
    int line = 1, col = 1;
    calc_line_col(compile_src, compile_len, g_err_pos, &line, &col);
    g_err_line = line;
    g_err_col = col;

    /* Try to locate include context marker preceding error */
    const char *marker = "// __include_begin__: ";
    size_t mlen = strlen(marker);
    int inner_line = -1;
    char inc_path[512];
    inc_path[0] = '\0';
    /* scan backward to find last marker line */
    size_t scan = g_err_pos;
    while (scan > 0) {
      /* find start of current line */
      size_t ls = scan;
      while (ls > 0 && compile_src[ls - 1] != '\n')
        ls--;
      /* check if this line starts with marker */
      if (ls + mlen <= compile_len && strncmp(compile_src + ls, marker, mlen) == 0) {
        /* extract path until end-of-line */
        size_t p = ls + mlen;
        size_t pe = p;
        while (pe < compile_len && compile_src[pe] != '\n' && (pe - p) < sizeof(inc_path) - 1)
          pe++;
        memcpy(inc_path, compile_src + p, pe - p);
        inc_path[pe - p] = '\0';
        /* compute inner line as number of newlines from (pe+1) to error position */
        int count = 1;
        size_t q = (pe < compile_len && compile_src[pe] == '\n') ? (pe + 1) : pe;
        while (q < g_err_pos) {
          if (compile_src[q] == '\n') count++;
          q++;
        }
        inner_line = count;
        break;
      }
      /* move to previous line */
      if (ls == 0) break;
      scan = ls - 1;
    }

    if (inner_line > 0 && inc_path[0] != '\0') {
      /* Adjust for shebang stripping in included file: if it starts with '#!' we
       * removed that entire first line during preprocessing, so add +1 to map
       * back to the physical file line number. */
      {
        FILE *sf = fopen(inc_path, "rb");
        if (sf) {
          int c1 = fgetc(sf);
          int c2 = fgetc(sf);
          if (c1 == '#' && c2 == '!') {
            inner_line += 1;
          }
          fclose(sf);
        }
      }
      fprintf(stderr, "Parse error %s:%d:%d: %s (in %s:%d)\n",
              path ? path : "<input>", line, col, g_err_msg, inc_path, inner_line);
    } else {
      fprintf(stderr, "Parse error %s:%d:%d: %s\n", path ? path : "<input>", line, col, g_err_msg);
    }

    if (bc) bytecode_free(bc);
    if (prep) free(prep);
    free(src);
    return NULL;
  }

  if (prep) free(prep);
  free(src);
  return bc;
}

Bytecode *parse_string_to_bytecode(const char *source) {
  if (!source) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Error: null source provided\n");
    return NULL;
  }

  /* Preprocess includes before compiling */
  char *prep = preprocess_includes(source);
  const char *compile_src = prep ? prep : source;
  size_t len = strlen(compile_src);

  /* reset error state */
  g_has_error = 0;
  g_err_pos = 0;
  g_err_msg[0] = '\0';
  g_err_line = 0;
  g_err_col = 0;

  /* Set current source path to <input> for nested bytecodes */
  const char *prev_src = g_current_source_path;
  g_current_source_path = NULL;
  Bytecode *bc = compile_minimal(compile_src, len);
  if (bc) {
    if (bc->source_file) free((void *)bc->source_file);
    bc->source_file = strdup("<input>");
    if (bc->name) free((void *)bc->name);
    bc->name = strdup("<input>");
  }
  g_current_source_path = prev_src;

  if (g_has_error) {
    int line = 1, col = 1;
    calc_line_col(compile_src, len, g_err_pos, &line, &col);
    g_err_line = line;
    g_err_col = col;
    if (bc) bytecode_free(bc);
    if (prep) free(prep);
    return NULL;
  }
  if (prep) free(prep);
  return bc;
}

int parser_last_error(char *msgBuf, unsigned long msgCap, int *outLine, int *outCol) {
  if (!g_has_error) return 0;
  if (msgBuf && msgCap > 0) {
    snprintf(msgBuf, msgCap, "%s", g_err_msg);
  }
  if (outLine) *outLine = g_err_line;
  if (outCol) *outCol = g_err_col;
  return 1;
}